BRIDGE WORLD STANDARD

Poll Results for BWS 2001

These poll questions were used to determine adjustments from previous verisons of Bridge World Standard (BWS) to the 2001 version of the system. The votes are given in parentheses; the first number is the percentage of votes for the item from the expert panel. the second from readers. The Bridge World Standard Defense (BWSD) poll (in the final section), the filtrate of a preliminary poll on all aspects of defensive card play agreements—anything not shown here was accepted from the earlier version of BWSD, the expert vote on each item is given.

General Understandings

   When a call is subject to different possible interpretations and there is no explicit system agreement, it should be considered . . .

   101a. forcing rather than nonforcing. (46; 39)
   101b. nonforcing rather than forcing. (5; 28)
   101c. forcing or nonforcing by which seems more sensible to the observer. (49; 33)

   102a. natural rather than artificial. (69; 72)
   102b. artificial rather than natural. (3; 4)
   102c. natural or artificial by which seems more sensible to the observer. (28; 24)

[if a double]
   103a. non-penalty rather than penalty. (44; 30)
   103b. penalty rather than non-penalty. (13; 35)
   103c. non-penalty or penalty by which seems more sensible to the observer. (43; 35)

[if a double]
   104a. lead-directing (Lightner). (21; 37)
   104b. not lead-directing. (15; 25)
   104c. lead-directing or not by which seems more sensible to the observer. (64; 38)

[if a redouble]
   105a. business rather than escape. (14; 32)
   105b. escape rather than business. (23; 44)
   105c. business or escape by which seems more sensible to the observer. (63; 24)

[if a pass over an opponent' redouble]
   106a. penalty (nonforcing) rather than escape (forcing). (33; 53)
   106b. escape rather than for penalty. (22; 24)
   106c. penalty or escape by which seems more sensible to the observer. (45; 23)

   When a competitive situation could logically be treated as either forcing or nonforcing and there is no explicit system agreement, it should be treated as . . .
   107a. forcing. (26; 21)
   107b. nonforcing. (56; 66)
   107c. forcing or nonforcing by which seems more sensible to the observer. (18; 13)

   In a competitive situation, when a pass would be forcing and there is no explicit system agreement, a double should be . . .
   108a. for penalty in all cases. (10; 14)
   108b. for penalty when partner is limited; discouraging further offensive bidding when partner is unlimited. (34; 39)
   108c. for penalty when a suitable hand is a lively possibility; discouraging further offensive bidding otherwise. (12; 14)
   108d. discouraging further offensive bidding in all cases. (44; 33)

   In questions 109-112, answer a (e.g., 109a) for "penalty"; answer b (e.g., 109b) for "an indication of undescribed high-card values with no further definition"; answer c (e.g., 109c) for "an indication of undescribed high-card values, but with sufficient length in the suit doubled, based on the level of the auction, to sustain a penalty pass on ordinary distribution"; answer d (e.g., 109d) for "a relatively strong offensive hand with sufficient defense to expect a set when partner passes with a normal hand."

   In a competitive situation, when a pass would be nonforcing, both partners are unlimited, and there is no explicit system agreement, a double should be . . . (109) (a 21; 17 ) (b 16; 32 ) (c 34; 33 ) (d 29; 18 )

   In a competitive situation, when a pass would be nonforcing, the doubler is unlimited but his partner is limited, and there is no explicit system agreement, a double should be interpreted as . . . (110) (a 39; 40 ) (b 8; 9) (c 29; 33 ) (d 24; 18 )

   In a competitive situation, when a pass would be nonforcing, the doubler is limited but his partner is unlimited, and there is no explicit system agreement, a double should be interpreted as . . . (111) (a 54; 46) (b 16; 13) (c 22; 20) (d 8; 21)

   In a competitive situation, when a pass would be nonforcing, both partners are limited and there is no explicit system agreement, a double should be . . . (112) (a 66; 60) (b 6; 9) (c 17; 18) (d 11; 13)

   If a forcing bid is doubled and there is no explicit system agreement or contrary logic from the auction, then . . .
   113a. a pass is forcing; a redouble is to play (suggests a contract). (53; 53)
   113b. pass and redouble are both forcing. (8; 3)
   113c. a pass is nonforcing (suggests a contract); a redouble is forcing. (5; 23)
   113d. pass and redouble are both nonforcing (suggest a contract). (34; 21)

   If an undiscussed but clearly forcing noncompetitive four-notrump bid might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives—(X) (ace- or key-card-) asking convention, (Y) control-showing bid, (Z) offer of general slam encouragement—the priority order used to interpret it (pick the earliest logical possibility) should be:
   114a. X-Y-Z. (24; 37)
   114b. X-Z-Y. (63; 44)
   114c. Y-X-Z. (0; 0)
   114d. Y-Z-X. (0; 4)
   114e. Z-X-Y. (8; 12)
   114f. Z-Y-X. (5; 3)

   If an undiscussed but clearly forcing noncompetitive five-notrump bid might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives—(X) Grand-Slam Force, (Y) control-showing bid, (Z) choice of slam—the priority order used to interpret it (pick the earliest logical possibility) should be:
   115a. X-Y-Z. (2; 13)
   115b. X-Z-Y. (32; 41)
   115c. Y-X-Z. (0; 4)
   115d. Y-Z-X. (3; 0)
   115e. Z-X-Y. (46; 25)
   115f. Z-Y-X. (17; 17)

   If an undiscussed competitive four-notrump bid might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives—(X) ace-asking, (Y) key-card asking, (Z) something else — the priority order used to interpret it (pick the earliest logical possibility) should be:
   116a. X-Y-Z. (18; 14)
   116b. X-Z-Y. (5; 11)
   116c. Y-X-Z. (15; 18)
   116d. Y-Z-X. (20; 11)
   116e. Z-X-Y. (8; 19)
   116f. Z-Y-X. (34; 27)

   If an undiscussed competitive four-notrump bid as in Question 116 is interpreted as "something else," and more than one of these meanings is possible — (X) takeout, (Y) general slam-try, (Z) natural — the priority order used to interpret it (pick the earliest logical possibility) should be:
   117a. X-Y-Z. (44; 18)
   117b. X-Z-Y. (41; 39)
   117c. Y-X-Z. (4; 5)
   117d. Y-Z-X. (0; 4)
   117e. Z-X-Y. (6; 27)
   117f. Z-Y-X. (5; 7)

   BWS . . .
   118a. should (42; 47)
   118b. should with exceptions (details to be determined later) (42; 23)
   118c. should not (16; 30)
adopt the "bypass rule" for unusual-notrump bids: If a player bypasses a natural notrump bid to make a nonforcing bid, then later bids notrump competitively uninvited, that notrump bid is unusual (showing additional distribution, not offering to play in notrump). [Example: (one diamond) — double — (one spade) — two clubs (bypassing one notrump) — (two spades) — pass — (pass) — two notrump]

   If an undiscussed competitive suit jump might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives—(X) natural, (Y) splinter, (Z) fit-jump (the suit bid plus support) — the priority order used to interpret it (pick the earliest logical possibility) should be:
   119a. X-Y-Z. (30; 5)
   119b. X-Z-Y. (19; 21)
   119c. Y-X-Z. (14; 14)
   119d. Y-Z-X. (5; 16)
   119e. Z-X-Y. (13; 19)
   119f. Z-Y-X. (19; 25)

   BWS . . .
   120a. should (28; 25)
   120b. should not (72; 75) make significant adjustments (details to be determined later) in its agreements to match changes in the form of scoring.

   When two bids are to be used systemically to show distribution, and either each will show shortness in the suit bid ("splinter") or each will show shortness in the suit left unbid ("fragment") [Example: one notrump — two spades (say one possibility is game-force with minors) — whatever — ? three hearts and three spades could be used to show shortness in the suit bid or in the major not bid.], BWS should:
   121a. always use the same method. (80; 81)
   121b. decide on a case by case basis. (20; 19)

   If 121a is adopted, BWS should use . . .
   122a. splinters. (82; 75)
   122b. fragments. (18; 25)

   BWS . . .
   123a. should (49; 70)
   123b. should not (51; 30)
adopt some method in which non-jump competitive two-notrump bids are used artificially to help distinguish actions designed to contest the auction from those of a constructive nature.

Opening Bids

Definitions
   A distribution shown with hyphens refers to any pattern including those suit lengths (for example, 5-4-3-1 means any hand with one five-card suit, one four-card suit, one tripleton and one singleton). A distribution shown with equal signs shows specific suit lengths (for example, 5=4=3=1 means a hand with five spades, four hearts, three diamonds and one club). "Balanced" means 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2.

Basic Requirements

   It . . .
   201a. is (92,96)
   201b. is not (8,4) acceptable to conduct the discussion under the assumption that BWS-2001 will be a mostly natural system based on an artificial two-club opening, strong notrump (plus Stayman and transfers), five-card majors (with a forcing one-notrump response), and weak major-suit two-bids.

   The remaining questions in this poll should be answered under the assumption that 201a is adopted.

   The BWS requirements for opening one-bids should best be described as . . .
   202a. sound. (28,20)
   202b. conservative. (31,32)
   202c. moderate. (36,38)
   202d. light. (3,6)
   202e. wispy. (2,4)

   In 4-3-2-1 point-count evaluation, the extra strength required to open a hand with a long minor or minors compared to a symmetric hand with a long major or majors is best described as . . .
   203a. 0 points. (28,47)
   203b. 0.5 points. (31,34)
   203c. 1 point. (36,15)
   203d. 1.5 points. (3,3)
   203e. 2 points. (2,1)

(1) ♠ A Q x x x ♥ A x x ♦ Y x x x ♣ x

   The value of card Y that makes hand (1) closest to a minimum one-spade opening bid as dealer with neither side vulnerable is . . .
   204a. ace. (0,1)
   204b. king. (3,11)
   204c. queen. (23,36)
   204d. jack. (64,45)
   204e. x. (10,7)

(2) ♠ A K Q J 10 ♥ A K Q ♦ Y 10 9 x ♣ x

   The value of card Y that makes hand (2) closest to a minimum two-club opening bid as dealer with neither side vulnerable is . . .
   205a. ace. (15,23)
   205b. king. (33,34)
   205c. queen. (28,26)
   205d. jack. (24,17)

   Consider these schemes for opening the bidding with a balanced hand:

   Current BWS:
   suit, then minimum notrump: strong 12 to weak 15
   one notrump: strong 15 to weak 18
   suit, then strong action in notrump: strong 18 to weak 20
   two notrump: strong 20 to weak 22
   two clubs, then minimum notrump: strong 22 to weak 24
   two clubs, then strong action in notrump: more

   Weaker Alternative:
   suit, then minimum notrump: 12 to 14
   one notrump: 15 to 17
   suit, then strong action in notrump: 18 to 19
   two notrump: 20 to 21
   two clubs, then minimum notrump: 22 to 23
   two clubs, then strong action in notrump: more

   In BWS, the basic scheme for balanced-hand bidding should be . . .
   206a. the Current BWS scheme. (22,12)
   206b. the Weaker Alternative scheme. (74,85)
   206c. something else (neither of those schemes is acceptable). (4,3)

   If the Weaker Alternative scheme (206b) is adopted, the minimum requirement to open with a balanced hand . . .
   207a. should (50,42)
   207b. should not (50,58) be adjusted back to the current "strong 12."

   If the Weaker Alternative scheme (206b) is adopted, its ranges for opening two notrump and two clubs followed by notrump . . .
   208a. should (59,69)
   208b. should not (41,31) be expanded by one-half point (20 to weak 22; strong 22 to 24).

   Whatever the other details of the balanced-hand opening scheme, BWS . . .
   209a. should (56,55)
   209b. should not (44,45) adopt Kokish: a two-heart rebid by the two-club opener to show either hearts or a balanced hand too strong for a two-notrump rebid (responder usually relays with two spades, after which opener bids two notrump, forcing, with a balanced hand, or anything else with a heart hand).

   In questions 210-216, vote a (e.g., 210a) for "mandatory"; b (e.g., 210b) for "optional"; or c (e.g., 210c) for "impossible"; d (e.g., 210d) for "differently depending on the exact point-count."

   With the correct point count and 5=2=3=3, 5=3=2=3 or 5=3=3=2 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (210).

   With the correct point count and 2=5=3=3 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (211).

   With the correct point count and 3=5=3=2 or 3=5=2=3 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (212).

   With the correct point count and 2=2=4=5 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (213).

   With the correct point count and 2=4=5=2 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (214).

   With the correct point count and 2=4=2=5 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (215).

   With the correct point count, a six-card minor, and 6-3-2-2 distribution, opening one notrump should be considered . . . (216).

Item	a	b	c	d
210	(14,27)	(54,52)	(8,5)	24,16)
211	(34,36)	(45,49)	(7,4)	(14,11)
212	(34,37)	(46,44)	(2,3)	(18,16)
213	(16,22)	(55,59)	(7,2)	(22,17)
214	(24,24)	(54,61)	(6,5)	(16,10)
215	(15,18)	(56,58)	(8,5)	(21,19)
216	(10,16)	(63,67)	(16,8)	(11,9)

   With an otherwise appropriate hand, it is . . .
   217a. acceptable (95,93)
   217b. not acceptable (5,7) to open two notrump (or two clubs, intending to rebid in notrump) with an unstopped doubleton.

   With an otherwise appropriate hand, it is . . .
   218a. acceptable (96,96)
   218b. not acceptable (4,4) to open two notrump (or two clubs, intending to rebid in notrump) with a five-card major.

   With an otherwise appropriate hand, it is . . .
   219a. acceptable (92,94)
   219b. not acceptable (8,6) to open two notrump (or two clubs, intending to rebid in notrump) with a six-card minor.

   With an otherwise appropriate hand, it is . . .
   220a. acceptable (92,97)
   220b. not acceptable (8,3) to open two notrump (or two clubs, intending to rebid in notrump) with five-four distribution and a five-card minor.

   On the understanding that requirements within an overall style vary with form of scoring, table position and vulnerability, the BWS requirements for initial preemptive openings should best be described as . . .
   221a. sound. (1,2)
   221b. conservative. (2,4)
   221c. moderate. (39,46)
   221d. light. (23,30)
   221e. wispy. (1,5)
   221f. none of the above, because there should be dramatic differences under some conditions (e.g., "light except non-vul. vs. vul., when wispy"), to be revealed by more-detailed questions. (34,13)

   BWS . . .
   222a. should (23,17)
   222b. should not (77,83) employ Flannery (two diamond opening = four spades, five-plus hearts, opening-bid strength, too weak for a reverse).

   The current BWS treatment of a three-notrump opening is gambling (solid seven-card minor) with little side strength. In BWS-2001, this opening should be . . .
   223a. Gambling, with little side strength. (45,62)
   223b. Gambling, with moderate side strength. (13,11)
   223c. Gambling, with substantial side strength. (3,1)
   223d. not Gambling but something else. (39,26)

   BWS-2001 . . .
   224a. should (39,33)
   224b. should not (61,67) use Namyats (four of a minor to show a strong four-of-a-major opening).

   For each hand characteristic in 225-233, vote for that number and a (e.g., 225a) if it should be acceptable, under at least some conditions, in BWS to open a first- or second-position weak two-bid with a normal hand that includes the characteristic, for that number and b (e.g., 225b) if it should not be.
   225. five cards in the bid suit.
   226. seven cards in the bid suit.
   227. flimsy (definition adjusted to suit the vulnerability) six cards in the bid suit.
   228. side void.
   229. side four-card major.
   230. side four-card minor.
   231. side five-card suit.
   232. any two of items 225-231.
   233. any three of items 225-231.

Item	a	b
225	(67,72)	(33,28)
226	(73,71)	(27,29)
227	(54,63)	(46,37)
228	(72,68)	(28,32)
229	(58,60)	(42,40)
230	(100,88)	(0,12)
231	(60,51)	(40,49)
232	(60,55)	(40,45)
233	(26,20)	(74,80)

Choice of Suit

   When opening a one-bid in a minor suit with three-three in the minors, opener should . . .
   234a. always bid one diamond. (0,1)
   234b. always bid one club. (70,82)
   234c. use judgment to decide which minor to open. (30,17)

   When opening a one-bid in a minor suit with four-four in the minors, in BWS opener should . . .
   235a. always bid one diamond. (14,29)
   235b. always bid one club. (3,3)
   235c. use judgment to decide which minor to open. (83,68)

   On a minimum-range hand (one lacking the values for a reverse) calling for an opening one-bid in a minor suit with four diamonds and five clubs, opener should . . .
   236a. always bid one diamond. (0,12)
   236b. always bid one club. (19,21)
   236c. use judgment to decide which minor to open. (81,67)

   In 237-241, vote a (e.g., 237a) for "the higher and shorter suit"; b (e.g., 237b) for "the lower and longer suit."

   On a minimum-range hand calling for a one-bid with five of a higher-ranking suit, six of a lower-ranking suit, and typical honor dispersion, opener should open . . .
   237. with five diamonds and six clubs.
   238. with five spades and six hearts.
   239. with five spades and six diamonds.
   240. with five hearts and six diamonds.
   241. with five hearts and six clubs.

Item	a	b
237	(72,61)	(28,39)
238	(62,51)	(38,49)
239	(36,30)	(64,70)
240	(69,68)	(31,32)
241	(46,42)	(54,58)

Open minimum-rangesix-five' in the higher and shorter suit only when the lengths are adjacent.

   On a hand calling for an opening one-bid with five-five in the black suits, opener should . . .
   242a. always bid one spade. (39,42)
   242b. always bid one club. (6,7)
   242c. bid one spade unless the hand is sufficiently strong. (27,38)
   242d. bid one spade unless the hand is sufficiently weak. (2,1)
   242e. use some other criterion to decide which suit to open. (26,12)

   In third or fourth position, it . . .
   243a. is (95,91)
   243b. is not (5,9)
acceptable to open a strong four-card major if the auction rates to be manageable thereafter.

Initial Defensive Actions (by an unpassed hand in direct and reopening positions)

   In general, the BWS requirements for initial constructive defensive actions (takeout doubles and overcalls) should best be described within the spectrum of possible requirements for that action as . . .
   301a. sound. (8,2)
   301b. conservative. (3,8)
   301c. moderate. (41,55)
   301d. light. (23,24)
   301e. wispy. (1,2)
   301f. varying from situation to situation (to be clarified). (24,9)

   The minimum requirement for a two-level overcall . . .
   302a. should (69,52)
   302b. should not (31,48) be raised one degree from that used for other initial constructive defensive actions (using the scale of question 301) within the spectrum of possible requirements for such an overcall.

   The minimum requirement for a takeout double or overcall should be affected by the vulnerability . . .
   303a. not at all. (0,1)
   303b. slightly. (44,47)
   303c. moderately. (42,44)
   303d. substantially. (14,8)

   Discounting vulnerability-based adjustments, the BWS requirements for initial preemptive defensive actions (jump overalls; the weak version of two-suited actions) should best be described as . . .
   304a. sound. (13,3)
   304b. conservative. (1,5)
   304c. moderate. (47,50)
   304d. light. (39,40)
   304e. wispy. (0,2)

(1) ♠ A Q x x x ♥ x x x ♦ Y x x x ♣ x

   The value of card Y that makes hand (1) closest to a minimum one-spade overcall of one club with neither side vulnerable is . . .
   305a. ace. (0,5)
   305b. king. (29,35)
   305c. queen. (32,36)
   305d. jack. (24,21)
   305e. x. (15,3)

(2) ♠ A x x x ♥ A x x x ♦ Y x x x ♣ x

   The value of card Y that makes hand (2) closest to a minimum takeout double of one club with neither side vulnerable is . . .
   306a. ace. (2,10)
   306b. king. (20,46)
   306c. queen. (60,39)
   306d. jack. (15,4)
   306e. x. (3,1)

   BWS . . .
   307a. should (50,38)
   307b. should not (50,62)
use minimum equal-level conversions (minELC), in which (at least some of) doubler' same-level suit bids over a suit advance may be based on minimum high-card strength (with appropriate shape), e.g.: (one spade) — double — (pass) — two clubs — (pass) — two diamonds may be a minimum with four hearts and five-plus diamonds.

   If 307a is adopted, for each of the following combinations of opener' suit, advancer' suit, and the suit of doubler' nonjump conversion [example: ♣—♦—♥ means (one club) — double — (pass) — one diamond — (pass) — one heart], vote for that number and a (e.g., 308a) if the sequence should be a minELC, for that number and b (e.g., 308b) if it should not.

   308. ♣—♦—♥
   309. ♣—♦—♠
   310. ♣—♥—♠
   311. ♦—♥—♠
   312. ♦—♣—♥
   313. ♦—♣—♠
   314. ♥—♣—♦
   315. ♥—♣—♠
   316. ♥—♦—♠
   317. ♠—♣—♦
   318. ♠—♣—♥
   319. ♠—♦—♥

Item	a	b
308	(36,30)	(64,70)
309	(12,8)	(88,92)
310	(10,9)	(90,91)
311	(11,9)	(89,91)
312	(29,20)	(71,80)
313	(13,10)	(87,90)
314	(87,74)	(13,26)
315	(7,7)	(93,93)
316	(7,8)	(93,92)
317	(90,75)	(10,25)
318	(19,12)	(81,88)
319	(13,10)	(87,90)

   When minELC (307a) is used, doubler' equal-level conversion shows a minimum-range hand only when it converts a club advance to diamonds.

(3) ♠ A K Q 10 x ♥ A K x ♦ Y x x x ♣ x

   The value of card Y that makes hand (3) closest to a hand slightly too strong for a one-spade overcall of one club with neither side vulnerable is . . .
   320a. ace. (9,4)
   320b. king. (23,22)
   320c. queen. (34,30)
   320d. jack. (14,16)
   320e. x. (20,28)

   Currently, BWS uses doubles of preemptive suit openings through four hearts for takeout. Assuming that context, over an opposing four-spade opening, BWS should use . . .
   321a. double for takeout; four notrump to show a non-spade two-suiter. (68,78)
   321b. double for penalty; four notrump for takeout. (32,22)

   In terms of 4-3-2-1 points, the lower limit of a direct-position one-notrump overcall of a natural one-bid should be . . .
   322a. 14. (6,10)
   322b. 15. (26,37)
   322c. 15.5. (51,46)
   322d. 16. (17,6)
   322e. 17. (0,1)

   In terms of 4-3-2-1 points, the inclusive point range of a direct-position one-notrump overcall of a natural one-bid should be . . .
   323a. 3. (e.g., 15-17 is a 3-point range) (17,32)
   323b. 3.5 (45,48)
   323c. 4. (30,18)
   323d. 4.5. (3,1)
   323e. 5. (5,1)

   The requirements for a direct-position one-notrump overcall of a natural one-bid . . .
   324a. should (17,5)
   324b. should not (83,95)
vary significantly with the suit of the opening.

   Currently, for natural notrump bids in reopening position following a natural one-bid [i.e., (one something) — pass — (pass) — ?], BWS uses the ranges 10-14 for one notrump and 18-19 for two notrump. These ranges . . .
   325a. are acceptable. (54,59)
   325b. should be repolled (46,41).

   The requirements for a reopening-position one-notrump and/or two-notrump overcall of a natural one-bid . . .
   326a. should (49,30)
   326b. should not (51,70) vary significantly with the suit of the opening.

   Currently, BWS uses a cue-bid in opener' suit, both in direct and reopening position, to show either a weakish or a very strong hand with (a) both majors if the cue-bid is in a minor, or (b) the unbid major and an unspecified minor if the cue-bid is in a major. This approach . . .
   327a. is acceptable. (53,60)
   327b. should be repolled. (47,40)

   BWS now uses a direct two-notrump overcall of a suit one-bid to show either a weakish or a very strong hand with length in the two lowest unbid suits. This . . .
   328a. is acceptable. (51,62)
   328b. should be repolled (49,38).

   Currently, BWS uses a direct jump cue-bid in opener' suit as natural in a minor in direct position, otherwise as asking for a stopper for three notrump (implying a solid suit elsewhere). This approach . . .
   329a. is acceptable. (80,88)
   329b. should be repolled. (20,12)

   A single jump-overcall of a suit opening in reopening position [i.e., after (one something) — pass — (pass) — ?] can be described as having a range roughly equal to the value of one king and . . .
   330a. at least an opening bid with at least a strong six-card suit. (58,64)
   330b. at least a king above an opening bid with at least a strong six-card suit. (27,25)
   330c. at least an opening bid with a solid or near-solid suit. (2,4)
   330d. at least a king above an opening bid with a solid or near-solid suit. (4,2)
   330e. some other minimum requirement (all earlier-listed alternatives are unacceptable). (9,5)

   A new-suit jump over an opposing preemptive suit opening is strength-showing and natural . . .
   331a. in all cases. (21,44)
   331b. except when four of a minor, in which case it shows that minor and the unbid major. (63,44)
   331c. but neither 331a nor 331b is acceptable. (16,12)

   Currently, BWS uses a four-notrump overcall of a four-heart opening to show minors and a four-notrump overcall of a four-of-a-minor opening as natural. These arrangements . . .
   332a. are acceptable. (69,79)
   332b. should be repolled. (31,21)

   For each number in 333-342 [but 342 is special], vote for that number and a (e.g., 333a) if the treatment is acceptable; vote for that number and b (e.g., 333b) if that item should be repolled (for either a change or broader discussion).

   This catalog of special-situation defenses is currently used in BWS:
   333. Against two hearts Flannery: defensive meanings as against a weak two hearts.
   334. Against two diamonds Flannery: double shows high cards, two hearts for takeout of hearts.
   335. Against two diamonds used as a weak-two in either major: double shows general strength.
   336. Against big club (and artificial two clubs): double shows majors, notrump shows minors.
   337. Against Namyats: double of opening (or of the next-bid relay response) for takeout of opener' real suit; delayed double for penalty.
   338. Against transfer and unspecified preempts: double shows strength but does not create a force.
   339. Against two-suited pre-empts: double, a bid in the other suit shown, and a delayed double all for takeout.
   340. Against weak two-bids: three-level cue-bid asks for a stopper for notrump.
   341. Against a natural preempt: four-level cue-bid shows majors over a minor, other major plus unspecified minor over a major.
   342. Against natural one-notrump openings: Cappelletti (two clubs = unspecified one-suiter; two diamonds = majors; two of a major = that major plus an unspecified minor) in both direct and reopening position. Double, for penalty, shows at least as good a hand in direct position, may be as light as opener' minimum in reopening position (except against a mini notrump). But vote for 342c (and not for either 342a or 342b) if you prefer: "Against strong notrump, replace Cappelletti with DONT (double = one-suiter; two clubs = clubs plus another; two diamonds = diamonds plus a major; two hearts = majors).

Item	a	b	c
333	(77,75)	(23,25)
334	(94,89)	(6,11)
335	(66,78)	(34,22)
336	(60,79)	(40,21)
337	(85,91)	(15,9)
338	(83,92)	(17,8)
339	(60,.63)	(40,37)
340	(86,80)	(14,20)
341	(81,93)	(19,7)
342	(52,55)	(28,32)	(20,13)

   BWS . . .
   343a. should (85,90)
   343b. should not (15,10) treat limited, natural two-bids (e.g., a Precision two-club opening) the same as weak two-bids for determining the basic meanings of defensive actions.

   BWS . . .
   344a. should (88,92)
   344b. should not (12,8) adopt the understanding that an undiscussed auction-entry double of an artificial suit bid shows that suit (whichever interpretation makes the most sense among penalty, value-showing and lead-directional).

   BWS . . .
   345a. should (58,47)
   345b. should not (42,53)
add to its catalog of defensive methods against specific conventions and artificial systems.

Initial Defensive Actions (by passed hand in direct and reopening positions)

   BWS . . .
   401a. should (87,84)
   401b. should not (13,16)
use the agreement that when it is logically possible and there is no explicit understanding to the contrary, an action taken by a passed hand has the same general meaning as the corresponding action taken by an unpassed hand, subject to whatever constraints are imposed by the failure to open the bidding.

   A direct one-notrump overcall by a passed hand should . . .
   402a. show the same suits as two notrump but less playing strength. (77,47)
   402b. be used in conjunction with two notrump and the cue-bid to enable intervenor to show all specific combinations of two unbid suits. (19,36)
   402c. be neither 402a nor 402b. (4,17)

   A reopening one-notrump overcall by a passed hand should be . . .
   403a. natural (but limited by failure to open). (97,76)
   403b. similar to 402a. (2,10)
   403c. similar to 402b. (1,13)
   403d. something not listed above. (0,1)

   If BWS does not use any minimum equal-level conversions (minELC) by (an unpassed) takeout doubler, a passed hand . . .
   404a. may (64,64)
   404b. may not (36,36)
double off-shape with the intention of making a minELC bid if necessary.

   A reopening suit jump by a passed hand [e.g.: pass — (one club) — pass — (pass) — two spades], constrained by failure to open one or two . . .
   405a. nonetheless should show a (strong as possible) one-suiter. (68,57)
   405b. indicates something special. (32,43)

Initial Defensive Actions (in sandwich position)

Slam Methods

Ace and Key-Card Asking

   When a four-notrump bid is defined as Key-Card Blackwood (KCB), BWS should employ . . .
   501a. reply scheme 0|3-1|4 [five clubs = 0 or 3 key cards; five diamonds = 1 or 4; five hearts (spades) = 2 without (with) the trump queen]. (52,46)
   501b. reply scheme 1|4-3|0 [five clubs = 1 or 4 key cards; five diamonds = 0 or 3; five hearts (spades) = 2 without (with) the trump queen]. (37,41)
   501c. scheme 0|3-1|4 or 1|4-3|0 depending on the specific auction. (11,13)

   When a four-notrump bid is defined as Blackwood, but is not KCB, BWS should employ . . .
   502a. reply scheme 0|3-1|4 [five clubs = 0 or 3 aces; five diamonds = 1 or 4; five hearts = 2]. (73,58)
   502b. reply scheme 1|4-3|0 [five clubs = 1 or 4 aces; five diamonds = 0 or 3; five hearts = 2]. (18,28)
   502c. scheme 0|3-1|4 or 1|4-3|0 depending on the specific auction. (9,14)

   When a bid other than four notrump asks for aces, BWS should employ . . .
   503a. reply scheme 0|3-1|4 [one step = 0 or 3 aces; two steps = 1 or 4; three steps 2]. (62,55)
   503b. reply scheme 1|4-3|0 [one step = 1 or 4 aces; two steps = 0 or 3; three steps = 2]. (26,32)
   503c. scheme 0|3-1|4 or 1|4-3|0 depending on the specific auction. (12,13)

   When a four-notrump bid is defined as KCB and there is no specific agreement about the individual sequence, the priority order below for determining the agreed suit . . .
   504a. is acceptable. (85,82)
   504b. is not acceptable. (15,18)
   The agreed suit is: the only supported suit; among supported suits, the one most recently shown or raised by the Blackwood bidder; the only shown suit; the most recently shown suit.

   When responder jump-shifts in response to a one-bid, then next bids four notrump . . .
   505a. it asks for aces (not KCB). (5,13)
   505b. it is KCB and responder' suit is the agreed suit. (68,57)
   505c. it is KCB and the usual agreed-suit rules apply. (27,30)

   After a two-club opening and a later Blackwood four-notrump bid by opener when there is no explicitly agreed suit . . .
   506a. it is not KCB. (17,14)
   506b. if opener has shown length in only one suit, it is KCB with that suit agreed; otherwise, it is KCB and the usual rules apply. (45,55)
   506c. it is KCB and the usual agreed-suit rules apply. (38,31)

   BWS . . .
   507a. should (61,59)
   507b. should not (39, 41)
use a KCB reply scheme based on six key cards (four aces plus two bid-suit kings) in some sequences.

   A reply to an ace- or key-card- ask above the usual range . . .
   508a. should (98,92)
   508b. should not (2, 8) show a void (when that makes sense).

   If 508a is adopted, then . . .
   509a. the cheapest void-showing reply (e.g., five notrump in reply to KCB) should show two [or an even number of] aces/key cards plus a void, with higher actions indicating one [or an odd number of] ace[s]/key card[s] plus a void and, when possible, indicating the suit of the void. (73,74)
   509b. some other void-showing scheme should be used. (27,26)

   After a 0|3 or 1|4 reply to KCB, the cheapest bid by the Blackwood bidder is a trump-queen-ask if it is below five of the agreed suit, and the negative reply is . . .
   510a. a return to the agreed suit. (74,79)
   510b. the cheapest bid. (26,21)

   A five-notrump rebid by the Blackwood (or KCB) bidder confirms partnership possession of all the aces (or of key cards and trump queen or equivalent), invites a grand slam, and . . .
   511a. asks for specific kings. (58,64)
   511b. asks for specific kings if four notrump was KCB, but for kings wholesale with step replies if four notrump was not KCB. (42,36)

   When there is interference after an ace- or key-card-ask, BWS should use . . .
   512a. DOPI (double or redouble = 0 or 0|3, pass = 1 or 1|4, cheapest bid = 2 or 2 without the trump queen, etc.) at low enough levels; and DEPO (double = even, pass = odd) at high enough levels. (61,68)
   512b. Double or redouble = whatever a noncompetitive one-step bid would have shown [i.e., not necessarily DOPI in that a one-step response might be agreed sometimes to show 1|4], pass = whatever a noncompetitive two-step bid would have shown, cheapest bid = whatever a noncompetitive three-step bid would have shown, etc., at low enough levels and DEPO at high enough levels. DEPO (double = even, pass = odd) at high enough levels. (10,25)
   512c. some other scheme. (29,7)

Grand-Slam Force

   When a five-notrump bid is the Grand-Slam Force, BWS . . .
   513a. should (88,93)
   513b. should not (12,7) use the same scheme for determining the agreed suit as it does for Key-Card Blackwood.

   When a five-notrump bid is the Grand-Slam Force, replier bids above the agreed suit with two (or three) of the top three trump honors. With a lesser trump holding, he should bid . . .
   514a. cheapest weakest (the higher the bid, the stronger the holding; e.g., with hearts agreed, six clubs with no heart honor, six diamonds with the queen, six hearts with the ace or king) (63,64)
   514b. cheapest strongest (the lower the bid, the stronger the holding; e.g., with hearts agreed, six clubs with the ace or king of hearts, six diamonds with the queen, six hearts with no honor) (37,36)

   BWS . . .
   515a. should (48,55)
   515b. should not (52,45) adjust the meanings of replies to the Grand-Slam Force when replier has already shown a strong suit (specific applicability to be determined).

   When there is interference after a Grand-Slam Force, BWS should employ . . .
   516a. DOPI (double or redouble substitutes for what would have been the cheapest bid, pass substitutes for what would have been the second-cheapest bid, the cheapest bid substitutes for what would have been the third-cheapest bid, etc., subject to the logic of the auction, at low enough levels; and DEPO (double = even, pass = odd) at high enough levels. (67,91)
   516b. some other scheme. (33,9)

Slam-Bidding Structures

   In the absence of a specific agreement about a sequence, BWS . . .
   517a. should (72,53)
   517b. should not (28,47)
adopt the Kaplan Control Principles (KCP): When there is an agreed suit: (a) After a slam-try by one partner below four of the agreed suit, (i) a non-signoff bid or redouble by the other is slam-positive and indicates a specific control; (ii) failure to show a control is slam-negative, but does not deny that control. (b) After a slam-try by one partner above four of the agreed suit, the other must show any biddable control below five of the agreed suit (and doing so carries no implication of overall extra values).

   In situations to be explicitly specified, BWS . . .
   518a. should (75,66)
   518b. should not (25,34)
adopt "Last Train" slam-tries, under which the only bid that could indicate slam interest (or further slam interest) without raising the bidding level is unrelated to the strain named (unless followed by an uninvited further action). [Example: one spade — four diamonds (splinter raise) — four hearts (slam-try, unrelated to hearts)]

   When an artificial slam-try (such as a control-bid or a splinter) is doubled, the weakest action by the next player to speak is . . .
   519a. pass. (29,27)
   519b. a return to the agreed suit (or whatever would have been the weakest action without the double). (71,73)

   When there is a choice between two game-forcing bids in a particular strain, BWS should use . . .
   520a. "fast arrival" (a jump to game is weaker than a lower bid in the same strain; e.g., one spade — two hearts — ?: four hearts is weaker than three hearts; e.g., one heart — two diamonds — two spades — ?: four spades denies significant extra values, and three spades is stronger). (17,27)
   520b. "slow arrival" (either a jump is stronger than a simple bid or it is a "picture bid" with a specific descriptive meaning; e.g., one spade — two hearts — ?: four hearts is stronger than three hearts; e.g., one heart — two diamonds — two spades — ?: four spades shows very strong spades; three spades shows spade support but is temporarily otherwise nondescriptive). (43,28)
   520c. different approaches in different situations, but fast arrival (520a) when there is no explicit agreement. (13,21)
   520d. different approaches in different situations, but slow arrival (520b) when there is no explicit agreement. (27,24)

   When one partner ("demander") has requested that the other ("replier") bid slam with at least second-round control of a particular suit (the "open" suit) regardless of the rest of his hand [as in, perhaps, one spade — two diamonds — two hearts — five hearts, or one spade — (two diamonds) — five spades] BWS . . .
   521a. should (93,97)
   521b. should not (7,3) adopt this scheme for replier's actions: with no control in the open suit, pass or return to (usually five of) the agreed suit; with second-round control, bid six of the agreed suit (or five notrump with the guarded king); with first-round control, control-bid in the open suit (or, with, additionally, first-round or maximum-possible and as-yet-unshown control in another suit, control-bid in that suit).

General Matters

   Whether a situation is forcing should . . .

   601a. never (27,53)
   601b. in some situations (to be clarified) (73,47)
depend on the vulnerability.

   If we have been forced to game but have not bid game, competitive situations thereafter above the game level should . . .
   602a. always (67,59)
   602b. not necessarily (in situations to be clarified) (33,31)
be forcing.

   If we have bid game nonpreemptively, competitive situations thereafter should be forcing . . .

   603a. always. (12,27)
   603b. always except when the game bid was made opposite a limited hand. (13,20)
   603c. always except when both partners are limited. (2,7)
   603d. always except when the game bid was competitive and minimally sufficient in its strain. (19,13)
   603e. always except when the case in either 603b or 603d applies. (9,5)
   603f. always except when the case in either 603c or 603d applies. (22,12)
   603g. not necessarily (because some other set of exceptions applies). (23,16)

   If we have invited game and the invitation has not been declined, competitive situations thereafter should BE forcing . . .
   604a. always. (10,12)
   604b. as high as one bidding level above where the force would have expired noncompetitively. (9,4)
   604c. only as high as where the force would have expired noncompetitively. (52,78)
   604d. according to some more complex rule than those listed above (to be determined). (29,6)

   A two-notrump opening . . .
   605a. should (42,32)
   605b. should not (58,68)
create a force if the opponents bid.

   If a two-club opening (artificial; forcing to two notrump) is overcalled, responder' pass is forcing at the two level and . . .
   606a. everywhere else. (76,65)
   606b. nowhere else. (9,27)
   606c. only at the three level. (8,1)
   606d. only at the three and four levels. (0,3)
   606e. only above the three level. (7,4)
   606f. only above the four level. (0,0)
   606g. according to some pattern not listed. (0,0)

   In questions 607-612, answer "a" (e.g., 607a) if a force is never created by the sequence described, "b" (e.g., 607b) if a force is always created by the sequence described, "c" (e.g., 607c) if a force is created only at certain bidding levels (to be determined).

   607. Our penalty double when the partnership is not otherwise committed to further bidding.

   608. Our penalty pass of a takeout double when the partnership is not otherwise committed to further bidding.

   609. An opponent' raise over our takeout double of a preemptive opening.

   610. An opponent' raise over our simple overcall of a preemptive opening.

   611. An opponent' raise over our jump overcall of a preemptive opening.

   612. An opponent' preemptive bid over our one-over-one response.

Item	a	b	c
607	(55,56)	(7,18)	(38,26)
608	(57,65)	(10,12)	(33,32)
609	(56,64)	(6,8)	(38,28)
610	(73,78)	(2,4)	(25,18)
611	(55,70)	(26,18)	(19,12)
612	(87,91)	(3,2)	(10,7)

   A bid one level above a splinter (e.g., one spade — five diamonds, where four diamonds would have been a splinter) should be interpreted as . . .
   613a. void-showing. (8,16)
   613b. Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood. (55,79)
   613c. an asking-bid in the bid suit. (4,1)
   613d. different things in different auctions. (32,4)
   614e. natural (1,0)

   A double of a suitless auction to three notrump or four notrump should request the lead of . . .
   614a. leader' shortest suit. (29,23)
   614b. leader' shorter major. (48,28)
   614c. a spade. (9,14)
   614d. a heart. (0,6)
   614e. a diamond. (0,3)
   614f. a club. (6,6)
   614g. nothing special. (8,20)

   A double of a suitless auction to six notrump or seven notrump should request the lead of . . .
   615a. a spade. (13,36)
   615b. a heart. (8,10)
   615c. a diamond. (0,8)
   615d. a club. (10,9)
   615e. nothing special. (69,37)

   In questions 616-618, a lead-directing double of a notrump contract reached after an auction with at least one suit bid should, in cases of doubt, request . . .
   616a. dummy' suit rather than leader' or doubler'. (28,43)
   616b. leader' or doubler' suit rather than dummy'. (31,37)
   616c. use of leader' judgment when dummy' suit and one of the defenders’ suits are both possibilities. (41,20)
   617a. doubler' suit rather than leader' suit. (30,48)
   617b. leader' suit rather than doubler' suit. (39,35)
   617c. use of leader' judgment when leader' suit and doubler' suit are both possibilities. (31,17)
   618a. an unusual lead rather than an expected lead. (39,45)
   618b. the most logical expected lead rather than an unusual lead. (18,21)
   618c. use of leader' judgment when both unusual and expected leads are logical possibilities. (43,34)

   A double of the opposing auction one notrump — two clubs (Stayman) — two of a suit — three notrump (or two notrump — three notrump) should request . . .
   619a. a diamond. (12,25)
   619b. a diamond if opener showed a major, an unusual (i.e., short-suit) lead otherwise. (30,45)
   619c. a suit based on some scheme not listed here. (58,30)

   A double for an unusual lead against a suit contract should . . .
   620a. cancel an earlier lead-directional message. (81,89)
   620b. reinforce an earlier lead-directional message. (19,11)

   In 621-630, answer "a" (e.g., 621a) if a pass over an opponent' redouble should always be for penalty, "b" (e.g., 621b) if a pass over an opponent' redouble should always be for takeout (i.e., intended as forcing), "c" (e.g., 621c) if a pass over an opponent' redouble should suggest the possibility of defense (passer' hand is better suited to defense than to offense), "d" (e.g., 621d) if a pass over an opponent' redouble should have different interpretations under different subconditions.

   621. one of a suit — double — redouble — ?

   622. one of a suit — pass — pass — double — redouble — ?

   623. one of a suit — pass — new-suit response — double — redouble — ?

   624. one of a suit — pass — raise — double — redouble — ?

   625. one of a suit — pass —one notrump — double — redouble — ?

   626. preemptive — double — redouble — ?

   627. preemptive — pass — pass — double — redouble — ?

   628. more complex auction ending at the one level (e.g., one club — pass — one diamond — pass — one heart — double — redouble — ?)

   629. more complex auction ending at the two level.

   630. more complex aucting ending at the three level or higher.

Item	a	b	c	d
621	(3,11)	(72,80)	(6,2)	(19,7)
622	(71,43)	(16,40)	(0,10)	(13,7)
623	(8,3)	(68,72)	(6,12)	(18,13)
624	(34,23)	(41,40)	(13,19)	(12,18)
625	(42,18)	(23,41)	(19,27)	(16,14)
626	(45,38)	(18,35)	(16,22)	(21,5)
627	(77,66)	(4,18)	(9,8)	(10,8)
628	(26,28)	(36,31)	(22,37)	(16,4)
629	(40,30)	(17,36)	(23,24)	(20,10)
630	(59,44)	(5,15)	(20,22)	(16,17)

   BWS . . .
   631a. should (19,15)
   631b. should not (81,85)
employ some form of negative slam doubles.

   If 631a is adopted, a double of a slam should be a negative slam double . . .

   632a. only when partner has preempted or suggested a sacrifice. (23,7)
   632b. only when the doubler has preempted or suggested a sacrifice. (26,26)
   632c. only when either partner has preempted or suggested a sacrifice. (30,48)
   632d. according to some definition not listed here. (21,19)

   If 631a is adopted, a negative slam double should show . . .
   633a. approximately no defensive tricks. (31,40)
   633b. approximately one defensive trick. (50,27)
   633c. some requirement not listed here. (19,33)

Opening Bids Revisited

   The default notrump-complex ranges in BWS-2001 are:
   
   12-14 one of a suit
   
   15-17 one notrump
   
   18-19 one of a suit
   
   20-weak 22 two notrump
   
   with higher valuation, two clubs, then, after a two-diamond response:
   
   strong 22-24 two notrump
   
   25-plus two hearts (Kokish, showing hearts or a balanced hand, intending to rebid notrump after responder' two-spade relay) or something else

   In BWS, with a very strong balanced hand (25-plus HCP), opener should bid two clubs and then, after a two-diamond response, rebid . . .
   701a. two hearts always. (49,45)
   701b. two hearts with 25-26 or 29-plus; three notrump with 27-28. (26,36)
   701c. two hearts with 25-27 or 30-plus; three notrump with 28-29. (8,16)
   701d. according to some other scheme. (17,3)

   BWS players may choose a system leaf in which Kokish is not used. In that context, . . .
   702a. two clubs then two notrump should show strong 22-24; two clubs then three notrump should show 25-27. (76,87)
   702b. some scheme other than 702a should be used. (24,13)

   Only 23% of panelists voted to use a Flannery two-diamond opening. In the light of that, a BWS two-diamond opening should be . . .
   703a. weak. (89,82)
   703b. three-suited. (0,1)
   703c. multiple-meaning. (6,11)
   703d. something not listed here. (5,6)
   Question 704 is a late scratch.

Responding to Preempts

   In items 705-716, assume that responder is not a passed hand.

   In BWS, the raise of a four-of-a-major opening to five should be . . .
   705a. a trump-ask. (74,77)
   705b. a bar (opener should pass regardless). (14,20)
   705c. an invitation to sacrifice. (0,0)
   705d. something not listed here. (12,3)

   In BWS, the raise of a two- or three-of-a-major opening to five should be . . .
   706a. a trump-ask. (39,28)
   706b. a bar (opener should pass regardless). (58,66)
   706c. an invitation to sacrifice. (3,5)
   706d. something not listed here. (0,1)

   In BWS, a simple new-suit takeout of partner' game-level preemptive opening should be . . .
   707a. a contract suggestion. (12,8)
   707b. an asking-bid about the suit named. (77,60)
   707c. something not listed here. (11,32)

   If 707b is adopted, opener should reply . . .
   708a. in steps (one step, neither first- nor second-round control; two steps, second-round control; three steps, first-round control; higher, first- and second-round controls). (65,38)
   708b. by returning to the suit opened with neither first- nor second-round control in the ask suit. (21,40)
   708c. according to some other scheme. (14,22)

   BWS has in the past used below-game, simple new-suit responses to preemptive openings, including weak two-bids, as one-round forces. That policy . . .
   709a. should be continued. (70,84)
   709b. should be reconsidered. (30,16)

   If 709a is adopted, a below-game, jump new-suit response to a preemptive opening should be treated as . . .
   710a. preemptive. (20,13)
   710b. natural and invitational. (14,24)
   710c. a splinter raise of opener' suit. (29,43)
   710d. something not listed here. (37,20)

   If 709a is adopted, a (forcing) two-notrump response to a weak two-bid will announce a fit and imply at least game-invitational strength. Over that response, opener' rebids should be . . .
   711a. Ogust (three clubs = minimum, weak suit; three diamonds = minimum, strong suit; three hearts = maximum, weak suit; three spades = maximum, strong suit). (34,48)
   711b. some non-Ogust step-response scheme (to be determined). (6,6)
   711c. feature-showing with a maximum. (51,41)
   711d. shortness-bids in new suits. (9,4)
   711e. according to a scheme not listed here. (0,1)

   BWS should treat a four-notrump response to a four-of-a-major opening bid as . . .
   712a. Blackwood. (11,3)
   712b. Key-Card Blackwood. (85,93)
   712c. a trump-ask. (4,2)
   712d. something not listed here. (0,2)

   When Namyats (four-club opening equals strong four-heart opening; four-diamond opening equals strong four-spade opening) is not used (the default), BWS should treat a four-notrump response to a four-of-a-minor opening bid as . . .
   713a. Blackwood. (2,1)
   713b. Key-Card Blackwood. (61,72)
   713c. a trump-ask. (9,6)
   713d. natural. (26,13)
   713e. something not listed here. (2,8)

   When Namyats is used (a leaf in BWS), a four-notrump response to a four-of-a-minor opening bid should be . . .
   714a. Blackwood. (11,7)
   714b. Key-Card Blackwood in opener' major. (86,87)
   714c. a trump-ask in opener' major. (0,5)
   714d. something not listed here. (3,1)

   When Namyats is used, a one-step response (e.g., four diamonds after a four-club opening) should be . . .
   715a. a transfer to the implied major. (35,46)
   715b. a slam-try. (63,44)
   715c. something not listed here. (2,10)

   BWS should treat a four-notrump response to a three-of-a-suit opening bid as . . .
   716a. Blackwood. (18,6)
   716b. Key-Card Blackwood. (79,90)
   716c. a trump-ask. (3,1)
   716d. something not listed here. (0,3)

   BWS should treat a four-notrump response to a weak two-bid as . . .
   717a. Blackwood. (47,30)
   717b. Key-Card Blackwood. (53,69)
   717c. a trump-ask. (0,0)
   717d. something not listed here. (0,1)

   There . . .
   718a. are (68,50)
   718b. are not (32,50)
other matters of non-competitive auctions after our side' preemptive opening that are worth discussing for BWS.

Competition After Our Preempt

   When a preemptive opening is doubled, responder' redouble should be . . .

   719a. strength-showing and temporarily suggests playing for a penalty but does not create a force. (20,40)
   719b. strength-showing, temporarily suggests playing for a penalty, and creates a force to the next level of opener' suit. (57,46)
   719c. strength-showing, temporarily suggests playing for a penalty, and creates a force to somewhere other than the next level of opener' suit. (0,2)
   719d. not correctly described by anything listed above. (23,12)

   When a preemptive opening is doubled, responder' simple new-suit bid below game should be considered . . .
   720a. forcing, suggesting length (can be raised). (8,16)
   720b. forcing, but lead-directional (presumably a fit for opener). (50,68)
   720c. nonforcing. (41,26)

   When a preemptive opening is doubled, responder' jump new-suit bid below game should be considered . . .
   721a. forcing, presumably natural. (12,6)
   721b. forcing, fit-showing, suggesting length. (35,32)
   721c. forcing, fit-showing, lead-directional. (36,39)
   721d. a splinter raise. (7,15)
   721e. nonforcing. (9,1)
   721f. something not listed here. (1,7)

   When a preemptive opening is overcalled, responder' simple new-suit bid below game should be considered . . .
   722a. forcing, suggesting length (can be raised). (45,41)
   722b. forcing, but lead-directional (presumably a fit for opener). (19,35)
   722c. nonforcing. (36,24)

   When a preemptive opening is overcalled, responder' jump new-suit bid below game should be considered . .
   723a. forcing, presumably natural. (8,2)
   723b. forcing and fit-showing. (42,58)
   723c. forcing and lead-directional. (22,7)
   723d. a splinter raise. (14,18)
   723e. nonforcing. (15,11)
   723f. something not listed here. (6,0)

   When a weak two-bid is overcalled, responder' competitive two-notrump response should be considered . . .
   724a. forcing, and similar to the same bid made noncompetitively. (60,58)
   724b. forcing, but a natural description. (21,30)
   724c. nonforcing. (5,10)
   724d. a puppet to three clubs, preparatory to signoff in any new suit. (14,2)
   724e. a transfer to clubs, ostensibly long clubs (but perhaps lead-directional) (0,0)
   724f. something not listed here. (0,0)

   When responder raises a preempt to game, e.g., three hearts — (pass) — four hearts, and an opponent overcalls, opener . . .
   725a. should (23,27)
   725b. should not (77,73)
be permitted to bid.

   When responder raises a preempt to game, e.g., three hearts — (pass) — four hearts, and an opponent overcalls, opener . . .
   726a. should (74,65)
   726b. should not (26,35)
be permitted to double.

   When responder raises a preempt below game, e.g., two hearts — (pass) — three hearts, and an opponent overcalls, opener . . .
   727a. should (22,24)
   727b. should not (78,76)
be permitted to bid.

   When responder raises a preempt below game, e.g., two hearts — (pass) — three hearts, and an opponent overcalls, opener . . .
   728a. should (51,56)
   728b. should not (49,44)
be permitted to double.

   When responder raises a preempt to game competitively, for example, three hearts — (three spades) — four hearts, and advancer bids, opener . . .
   729a. should (34,32)
   729b. should not (66,68)
be permitted to bid.

   When responder raises a preempt to game competitively, for example, three hearts — (three spades) — four hearts, and advancer bids, opener . . .
   730a. should (63,60)
   730b. should not (37,40)
be permitted to double.

   When responder raises a preempt below game competitively, for example, two hearts — (two spades) — three hearts, and advancer bids, opener . . .
   731a. should (34,30)
   731b. should not (66,70)
be permitted to bid.

   When responder raises a preempt below game competitively, for example, two hearts — (two spades) — three hearts, and advancer bids, opener . . .
   732a. should (54,52)
   732b. should not (46,48)
be permitted to double.

   When a raised preemptor is permitted to double, his double should suggest . . .
   733a. maximum defensive potential. (55,80)
   733b. maximum offensive potential. (17,8)
   733c. an unusual lead or later defense. (14,7)
   733d. something not listed here. (14,5)

   There . . .
   734a. are (34,66)
   734b. are not (41,59)
other matters of competitive auctions after our side' preemptive opening that are worth discussing for BWS.

Responding to Two Clubs

   In BWS, . . .
   735a. some (46,22)
   735b. no (54,78) responses to two clubs should show controls (ace = 2, king = 1) wholesale. (735a is not a leaf, because there is no agreement on details.)

   If 735a is adopted, the scheme should include . . .
   736a. two diamonds = 0, two hearts = 1, two spades = 2. (12,14)
   736b. two diamonds = 0 or 1, two hearts = 2, two spades = 3. (22,26)
   736c. two diamonds = 0 or 1, two hearts = 2, two spades = ace plus king, two notrump = three kings. (31,34)
   736d. two diamonds = 0-1 controls, two hearts = 2 controls, two spades = 3 controls, two notrump = 0 controls and a certain range of HCP. (5,3)
   736e. two diamonds = 0-1 controls, two hearts = 2 controls, two spades = 3 controls, two notrump = 0-1 controls and some HCP range. (21,16)
   736f. a set of low-level responses not shown here. (9,7)

   If 735b is adopted, a two-diamond response to two clubs should . . .
   737a. deny the values for a positive response. (21,28)
   737b. deny the values for a positive response in a hand with either a strong suit or acceptable orientation to bid notrump. (38,34)
   737c. show the strength range of a double negative. (3,3)
   737d. deny a hand suitable for a positive response but show strength beyond a double negative (a two-heart response would show double-negative strength). (28,30)
   737e. be part of a series of artificial overall high-card-strength-showing responses (two diamonds shows a certain range of HCP, two hearts shows a different range, etc.). (0,1)
   737f. have a meaning other than any of those listed here. (10,4)

   If 735b and 737b are adopted, so that a positive response has a "strong suit" requirement, that requirement should be . . .
   738a. at least six-card length or five cards headed by two honors. (56,74)
   738b. higher than the one in 738a. (18,21)
   738c. lower than the one in 738a. (26,5)

   If 735b is adopted, a suit-bid response to two clubs from three hearts to four diamonds should be used to indicate . . .
   739a. a solid suit. (16,20)
   739b. a one-loser suit. (61,64)
   739c. something not listed here. (23,16)

Competition After Two Clubs

   After two clubs — (overcall) — pass treated as forcing — (pass) — ? . . .
   740a. opener' double is for takeout. (18,24)
   740b. opener' double is for penalty. (15,26)
   740c. opener' double shows a balanced hand. (64,48)
   740d. opener' double has some meaning not listed above. (3,2)

   After two clubs — (overcall) — pass treated as nonforcing — (pass) — ? . . .
   741a. opener' double is for takeout. (30,44)
   741b. opener' double is for penalty. (24,32)
   741c. opener' double shows a balanced hand. (42,23)
   741d. opener' double has some meaning not listed above. (4,1)

   After a negative response to two clubs and an overcall, . . .
   742a. opener' pass is forcing. (66,43)
   742b. opener' pass is forcing only at the two level. (10,27)
   742c. opener' pass is forcing only at the two or three level. (24,28)
   743a. opener' double is for takeout. (16,30)
   743b. opener' double is for penalty. (61,52)
   743c. opener' double shows a balanced hand. (17,11)
   743d. opener' double has some meaning not listed above. (6,7)

   There . . .
   744a. are (66,49)
   744b. are not (34,51)
other matters of competitive auctions after our side' two-club opening that are worth discussing for BWS.

Responding in the Two-Notrump Family

   BWS . . .
   801a. should (89,84)
   801b. should not (11,16) use the same methods after a two-notrump opening bid, a two-notrump rebid by a two-club opener following a two-diamond response, and a two-notrump rerebid by a two-club opener in the sequence two clubs — two diamonds — two hearts (Kokish) — two spades (relay) — two notrump.

   This package of methods . . .
   802a. is (79,81)
   802b. is not (21,19) acceptable in response to a two-notrump opening: Texas (four-level) transfers, after which four notrump is Key-Card Blackwood and a new-suit bid is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood; Gerber; three spades showing both minors; Jacoby (three-level) transfers, after which a notrump bid or a new-suit bid is natural, a self-raise to the four level is a slam-try, and a new-suit jump is an "auto splinter" (a one-suiter with shortness in the bid suit).

   In BWS, a three-club response to a two-notrump family opening should be . . .
   803a. Stayman, with responder' three-of-a-major rebid over three diamonds natural. (21,16)
   803b. Stayman, with responder' three-of-a-major rebid over three diamonds Smolen. (66,59)
   803c. Puppet Stayman. (13,25)

Responding to One Notrump

   This package of methods . . .
   804a. is (87,90)
   804b. is not (13,10)
acceptable in response to a one-notrump opening: Texas (four-level) transfers, after which four notrump is Key-Card Blackwood and a new-suit bid is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood; Gerber; Jacoby (two-level) transfers, after which a notrump bid or a new-suit bid is natural, a self-raise to the three level is invitational, a self-raise to the four level is a slam-try, and a new-suit jump is an "auto splinter" (a one-suiter with shortness in the bid suit).

   In BWS, a two-club response to a one-notrump opening should be . . .
   805a. Stayman. (97,95)
   805b. Puppet Stayman. (3,5)

   Assuming 805a is adopted, a two-club response . . .
   806a. should require opener to bid two spades with both majors. (9,16)
   806b. should require opener to bid two hearts with both majors. (62,65)
   806c. should allow opener to bid the stronger suit with both majors. (29,19)
   807a. may be used with a weak hand (opener cannot rebid above two spades; responder promises no values). (77,93)
   807b. guarantees at least mild game-invitational strength. (23,7)
   808a. followed by responder' two-heart rebid is weak (scrambling for a two-level contract with length in both majors). (67,70)
   808b. followed by responder' two-heart rebid is invitational. (33,30)
   809a. followed by responder' two-spade rebid is weak. (22,20)
   809b. followed by responder' two-spade rebid is weak over two diamonds, invitational over two hearts. (13,34)
   809c. followed by responder' two-spade rebid is invitational. (65,46)
   810a. followed by three of a major is invitational if a direct raise, or Smolen (forcing; ostensibly four of the bid major and five of the other) if over two diamonds. (81,76)
   810b. should not lead to the treatment in 810a. (19,24)
   811a. followed by three hearts after opener' two spades is a slam-try in spades. (90,80)
   811b. should not lead to the treatment in 811a. (10,20)
   812a. followed by three spades after opener' two hearts is a splinter. (31,43)
   812b. followed by three spades after opener' two hearts is a slam-try in hearts. (69,57)

   In response to one notrump, BWS should use . . .
   813a. two spades to show minors (or a weak hand with diamonds), two notrump as invitational, three of a minor as weak. (20,13)
   813b. same as 813a but three of a minor invitational. (23,15)
   813c. same as 813a but three of a minor natural and forcing. (1,6)
   813d. four-suit transfers with two spades = clubs, three clubs = diamonds (two notrump invitational). (9,18)
   813e. four-suit transfers with two spades = clubs, two notrump = diamonds, three clubs = both minors weak (nonforcing), three diamonds (and perhaps three of a major as well) = both minors strong. (35,36)
   813f. four-suit transfers with two spades = clubs, two notrump = diamonds, but not 813e. (12,12)

   If 813e is not adopted, BWS should use a three-of-a-major response to one notrump as . . .
   814a. natural and forcing. (21,25)
   814b. a major two-suiter (three hearts invitational, three spades forcing). (26,23)
   814c. both minors with shortness in the bid suit. (37,29)
   814d. something not listed here. (16,23)

   If 813f is adopted, BWS should use a three-of-a-minor response to one notrump as . . .
   815a. weak. (19,9)
   815b. invitational. (30,38)
   815c. something not listed here. (51,53)

   The BWS structure of responding to one notrump . . .
   816a. should (32,18)
   816b. should not (68,62)
include the use of the sequence one notrump — two diamonds (transfer) — two hearts — two spades as a puppet to two notrump.

   If 816a is adopted, opener . . .
   817a. should (63,71)
   817b. should not (37,29)
be permitted to bid above two hearts over a two-diamond response.

Competition After Our One Notrump Opening

   For each of items 818-830 for competitive auctions after our one-notrump opening in the current version of BWS, vote for that number and "a" (e.g., 818a) if that method should be retained as a complete agreement, that number and "b" (e.g., 818b) if that method should be retained and further clarified, or that number and "c" (e.g., 818c) if that method should be replaced.

   818. A double of a (natural) two-level overcall is for penalty.

   819. A double of a three-level overcall is negative.

   820. A double of an overcall at the four-level or higher is for penalty.

   821. Over a (natural) two-level overcall, lebensohl applies.

   822. When lebensohl is used, "fast denies stopper." [For example, one notrump — (two spades) — three notrump denies a spade stopper. Two notrump followed by three notrump promises a spade stopper.]

   823. A below-game new-suit jump [e.g., one notrump — (two hearts) — three spades] is forcing.

   824. A redouble of an artificial double is strength-showing.

   825. A double of an artificial bid suggests a penalty double of the escape.

   826. After (any) penalty suggestion, the opening side is forced to two notrump.

   827. After a penalty suggestion, below-game new-suit bids are forcing; raises and two notrump are not.

   828. A bid in a suit shown by an artificial defense indicates at least a game-invitation and is forcing to two notrump.

   829. Bids in suits not indicated (although possibly bid) by an artificial action have the same meaning as if the interference had been natural. [For example, one notrump — (two hearts, showing spades) — three hearts, artificial and forcing; to show hearts, responder must double two hearts.]

   830. If lebensohl is used, it applies over artificial actions as though the interference had been natural.

Item	a	b	c
818	(29,43)	(7,11)	(64,46)
819	(82,74)	(8,15)	(10,11)
820	(68,70)	(17,22)	(15,8)
821	(81,85)	(13,11)	(6,4)
822	(76,83)	(5,10)	(19,7)
823	(84,82)	(8,12)	(8,6)
824	(82,80)	(10,9)	(8,11)
825	(58,60)	(26,28)	(16,12)
826	68,78)	(16,12)	(16,10)
827	(76,86)	(13,6)	(11,1)
828	(74,75)	(18,21)	(8,4)
829	(27,28)	(11,8)	(62,64)
830	(54,71)	(27,20)	(19,9)

   BWS . . .
   831a. should (59,57)
   831b. should not (41,43)
extend the scope of its discussion of how to act after immediate defensive action over one notrump beyond what appears above.

   If a two-club response to one notrump is Stayman, after one notrump — (pass) — two clubs — (double) — ?, opener should . . .
   832a. determine his action by first evaluating his club holding (bid if especially weak, pass if average, redouble if especially strong). (47,46)
   832b. take his normal action had intervenor passed when that action is a major-suit bid (otherwise examine his club holding). (34,43)
   832c. not bid regardless (only pass and redouble are permissible). (0,3)
   832d. be guided by principles not stated above. (19,8)

   If a two-club response to one notrump is Puppet Stayman, after one notrump — (pass) — two clubs — (double) — ?, opener should . . .
   833a. determine his action by first evaluating his club holding (bid if especially weak, pass if average, redouble if especially strong). (35,46)
   833b. take his normal action had intervenor passed when that action is a major-suit bid (otherwise exmaine his club holding). (51,47)
   833c. not bid regardless (only pass and redouble are permissible). (0,1)
   833d. be guided by principles not stated above. (14,6)

   After a two-level transfer response to one notrump is doubled [e.g., one notrump — (pass) — two hearts = spades — (double) — ?], opener should . . .
   834a. superaccept (bid above two of the suit indicated by responder) with any of the same, or roughly the same, set of hands that would have been suitable for superacceptance had intervenor passed. (86,79)
   834b. use a guideline other than 834a to determine when (if ever) to superaccept the transfer. (14,21)
   835a. accept (or, if appropriate, superaccept) the transfer with at least three-card support for the suit indicated by responder. (65,78)
   835b. use some guideline other than 835a to determine when (if ever) to accept the transfer. (35,22)
   836a. redouble rather than pass with a maximum. (8,3)
   836b. redouble rather than pass with significant length and strength in the suit responder bid. (71,80)
   836c. redouble rather than pass using some guideline other than those in 836a and 836b. (21,17)

   BWS . . .
   837a. should (43,30)
   837b. should not (57,70)
extend the scope of its discussion of how to act after non-immediate defensive action over one notrump beyond what appears above.

After One of a Major

   This poll pursues situations that arise after our side' major-suit opening bid.

Responses by an Upassed Hand

   In BWS-2001, a one-spade response to a one-heart opening should . . .
   901a. follow traditional guidelines. (89,85)
   901b. take on the functions of a forcing one-notrump response (a one-notrump response shows spades). (11,15)

   In the remaining questions, assume 901a is adopted (where it matters).
   In BWS-2001, a one-notrump response should be . . .
   902a. truly forcing. (42,44)
   902b. "semi-forcing" (limited to game-invitational strength). (58,56)

   In BWS-2001, a two-over-one response should be treated as . . .
   903a. forcing to game. (30,23)
   903b. forcing to game except where responder rebids his suit simply after opener has not promised extra values (current treatment). (52,66)
   903c. creating a force level not described by either 903a or 903b. (18,11)

   If 903a is adopted, responder' structure for indicating a one-suited hand of under game-going strength should be . . .
   904a. one notrump, then three of his suit = invitational strength; initial weak jump-response = moderate strength. (19,20)
   904b. one notrump, then three of his suit = invitational strength; one notrump, then two of his suit = moderate strength (responder plans to play in one of opener' suits when he cannot show his suit at the two level). (11,22)
   904c. one notrump, then three of his suit = invitational as a jump, very wide range (encompassing moderate and invitational-strength hands) as a simple bid. (27,19)
   904d. part of a system of transfer jump-responses. (1,6)
   904e. something substantially different from any of the descriptions in 904a-d (direct jump-shift invitational). (42,33)

   The current BWS structure for raising a major-suit opening is: single raise natural, mildly constructive (when responding with a weaker fitting hand, bid one notrump planning to bid two of the major next, a sequence that could also show 6-9 HCP and a doubleton fit); double raise invitational with four or more trumps (with equivalent values and only three trumps, bid one notrump planning to bid three of the major after a minimum rebid); two notrump (no side shortness) or a suit double jump (splinter) shows game-forcing stength; a jump-shift followed by support indicates a hand stronger than ordinary game-going values.
   905a. This basic structure should exactly or essentially be retained. (59,62)
   905b. This basic structure should be augmented with artificial raises at the three level. (19,10)
   905c. A different basic structure should be used. (22,28)

   Currently, a single jump-shift shows more than ordinary game-going strength (the equivalent of 16 HCP plus), a substantial suit (at least five-card length with at least two of the top three honors), and one of three hand-types: balanced, one-suited, support.
   906a. This method should be retained. (54,62)
   906b. This method should be augmented with supporting agreements. (25,30)
   906c. A different basic approach should be used. (21,8)

   Assuming that 906b is adopted, for each of the following possible augmentations, vote for the item and a (e.g., 907a) if that method should be used, for that item and b (e.g., 907b) if it should not.
   907. Opener' rebid is not natural. Rather, he bids or rebids a suit only with substantial high-card strength there, or the cheapest notrump regardless of hand pattern without the qualifications for a suit bid.
   908. Opener bids as in 907 except that with nothing special to show he bids the cheaper of notrump and his own suit. (A cheap same-suit rebid shows no extra values there.)
   909. A new-suit rebid by the jump-shifter shows support for opener' original suit and a splinter in the suit bid.
   910. A jump-shift followed by a bid in opener' suit guarantees at least four-card support.
   911. A jump-shift followed by a new-suit splinter (as in 909) guarantees at least four-card support.

Item	a	b
907	(39,30)	(61,70)
908	(38,45)	(62,55)
909	(69,62)	(31,38)
910	(52,56)	(48,44)
911	(56,68)	(44,32)

   Currently, BWS uses a three-notrump response to a major-suit opening to show a balanced hand, 16-17 HCP, and little suit-slam interest. This method should be . . .
   912a. retained. (23,51)
   912b. reconsidered. (77,49)

   Currently, BWS uses a four-notrump response to a major-suit opening as Key-Card Blackwood, agreeing opener' suit. (To set his own suit as trump, responder first jump-shifts, then bids four notrump.) This set of agreements should be . . .
   913a. retained. (41,74)
   913b. modified. (59,26)

   In BWS-2001, a triple jump-shift response to a major-suit opening (e.g., one spade — five diamonds; or one heart — four spades) should be . . .
   914a. natural. (28,27)
   914b. natural except for a five-heart response. (12,14)
   914c. Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood agreeing opener' major. (41,32)
   914d. Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood agreeing opener' major except for a four-spade response.(5,14)
   914e. left undefined. (14,11)
   914f. something not adequately described by 914a-e. (0,2)

Opener's Rebids

   BWS-2001 should state that after a one-spade response to a one-heart opening, opener' . . .
   915a. one-notrump rebid denies a singleton spade. (44,50)
   915b. one-notrump rebid may include a singleton spade.(56,50)
   916a. two-notrump rebid denies a singleton spade. (41,52)
   916b. two-notrump rebid may include a singleton spade. (59,48)
   917a. three-notrump rebid shows long, strong hearts. (78,65)
   917b. three-notrump rebid is a strong spade raise. (22,35)
   918a. four-heart rebid indicates some spade length. (7,3)
   918b. four-heart rebid is unrestricted as to spade length. (93,97)
   919a. four-of-a-minor rebid is a splinter raise. (96,92)
   919b. four-of-a-minor rebid is not a splinter raise. (4,8)
   920a. five-of-a-minor rebid is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood. (74,58)
   920b. five-of-a-minor rebid is void-showing. (8,20)
   920c. five-of-a-minor rebid is defined but as neither 920a nor 920b. (3,11)
   920d. five-of-a-minor rebid is left undefined. (15,11)

   In BWS-2001, the sequence one heart — one notrump — two spades should be . . .
   921a. forcing. (96,91)
   921b. nonforcing. (4,9)

   In BWS-2001, if opener rebids one level above a forcing reverse or jump-shift after a one-notrump response (e.g., one heart — one notrump — three spades, when two spades is forcing; or, one spade — one notrump — four diamonds), that should be . . .
   922a. natural (big two-suiter). (23,11)
   922b. an autosplinter (big one-suiter; shortness bid). (58,69)
   922c. defined, but not as 922a or 922b. (12,18)
   922d. left undefined. (7,2)

   Assume a BWS-2001 major-suit opening and two-over-one response. For each of the following possible rebids by opener, vote for that number and a (e.g., 923a) if it may indicate a minimum opening (of appropriate shape) whether or not the response was game-forcing, for that number and b (i.e., 923b) if it may indicate a minimum opening when the response was game-forcing but not otherwise, for that number and c (i.e., 923c) if it may indicate a minimum opening when the response was not game-forcing but not otherwise, or for that number and d (i.e., 923d) if it may not indicate a minimum opening regardless of the strength promised by the response.
   923. a two-level reverse (i.e., one heart — two of a minor — two spades). .
   924. two notrump. .
   925. a single raise.
   926. three of a suit that underranks responder'.

Item	ab	cd
923	(43,47)	(57,43
924	(78,82)	(22,18)
925	(80,81)	(20,19)
926	(19,29)	(81,71)

   After a two-notrump forcing raise of a major-suit opening, BWS currently uses new-suit bids to show shortness, new-suit jumps to show two-suiters, and the three other below-game bids (simple same-suit rebid, three notrump, jump same-suit rebid), let' call them TOBs, to deny the requirements for any new-suit bid.
   927a. That approach should be retained. (62,74)
   927b. That approach should be repolled. (38,26)
   928a. In the context of 927a, the TOBs should be played cheapest-weakest. (8,17)
   928b. In the context of 927a, the TOBs should be played strongest-weakest. (53,41)
   928c. In the context of 927a, the TOBs should be related to trump strength. (7,15)
   928d. The TOBs should be treated in a way not accurately described by 928a-c. (32,27)

Passed-Hand Situations

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a major-suit opening as a passed hand, vote for that number and a (e.g., 929a) if that agreement should be retained, or for that number and b (e.g., 929b) if it should not.
   929. One notrump is semi-forcing (6-12 points).
   930. Two clubs is Drury-Fit (a hand too strong for a single raise, but unsuited to a higher bid).
   931. Three clubs is natural, similar to two diamonds but with long clubs.
   932. A jump-shift other than three clubs is a strong raise with length in the suit bid.
   933. A double jump-shift is a splinter raise.

Item	a	b
929	(85,87)	(15,13)
930	(89,88)	(11,12)
931	(77,83)	(23,17)
932	(85,87)	(15,13)
933	(100,94)	(0,6)

Competitive Auctions

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a major-suit opening over a takeout double, vote for that number and a (e.g., 934a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 934b) if it should not.
   934. A one-spade response is forcing (by an unpassed hand).
   935. A two-level response is not forcing.
   936. Two notrump is a limit or stronger raise of the major. (Direct jump raises preemptive.)
   937. A jump-shift is preemptive.
   938. A double jump-shift is a splinter raise.
   939. A redouble shows any hand with 10-plus HCP that is not suitable for a raise or a new-suit bid.

Item	a	b
934	(100,900	(0,10)
935	(78,80)	(22,20)
936	(90,89)	(10,11)
937	(66,76)	(34,24)
938	(74,79)	(26,21)
939	(85,86)	(15,14)

   If 934 or 935 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 should . . .
   940a. use all new-suit bids as natural and forcing. (35,34)
   940b. use a transfer method beginning with the cheapest new-suit bid. (8,11)
   940c. use a transfer method beginning with the cheapest bid. (3,9)
   940d. use a transfer method beginning with one notrump. (31,20)
   940e. not use any of 940a-d. (23,26)

   If 939 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 . . .
   941a. should (42,33)
   941b. should not (58,67)
use a method in which repsonder can pass with a balanced or relatively balanced hand of redoubling strength and later double to suggest those values with a tripleton in the opponents’ suit. (Responder redoubles with the remaining shapes, with a follow-up low-level penalty double showing four-card length.)

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a major-suit opening over an overcall, vote for that number and a (e.g., 942a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 942b) if it should not.
   942. A double is negative through three spades.
   943. A new-suit bid below game is forcing (by an unpassed hand).
   944. Two notrump is natural and nonforcing (even as a jump).
   945. Over a simple overcall, a cue-bid shows a raise with game-invitational or greater strength and a jump cue-bid is a splinter. (Direct raises are preemptive.)
   946. A jump-shift is strong.
   947. A simple four-notrump bid is Key-Card Blackwood.
   948. A jump to four notrump is Key-Card Blackwood.

Item	a	b
942	(70,76)	(30,24)
943	(81,79)	(19,21)
944	(73,80)	(27,20)
945	(88,86)	(12,14)
946	(26,52)	(74,48)
947	(59,64)	(41,36)
948	(83,82)	(17,18)

   If 946 is to be replaced, a jump-shift over a simple overcall should be . . .
   949a. preemptive. (52,48)
   949b. fit-showing. (41,47)
   949c. a splinter raise. (4,4)
   949d. none of 949a-c. (3,1)

   If 944 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 should use a method in which two notrump . . .
   950a. is used to help distinguish competitive from strong bids in new suits. (50,54)
   950b. is part of a system of transfers. (19,19)
   950c. has some artificial meaning not listed above. (31,27)

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a major-suit opening over an artificial action, vote for that number and a (e.g., 951a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 951b) if it should not.
   951. Over a Michaels cue-bid (other major plus unspecified minor): virtual cue-bid in overcaller' anchor major is a limit or stronger raise; new-suit bid is forcing.
   952. Over a bid showing two fixed suits: cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a limit or stronger raise; second-cheapest cue-bid is a one-round force indicating length in the unspoken-for suit (a direct bid in that suit is nonforcing).

Item	a	b
951	(72,74)	(28,26)
952	(61,50)	(39,50)

After One of a Minor

   This poll pursues situations that arise after our side' minor-suit opening bid.

Responses by an Upassed Hand

   In questions 1001-1012, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1001a) for one diamond or for that number and b (e.g., 1001b) for one of the major.
   In BWS-2001, with responding values insufficient to invite game (roughly 6-9 HCP), what should be the normal response to one club with each of these distributions? 1001. 4 ♠, 4 ♦; 1002. 4 ♥, 4 ♦; 1003. 4 ♠, 5 ♦; 1004. 4 ♥, 5 ♦; 1005. 4 ♠, 6 ♦; 1006. 4 ♥, 6 ♦.
   In BWS-2001, with values sufficient to invite game (roughly 10-11 HCP), what should be the normal response to one club with each of these distributions? 1007. 4 ♠, 4 ♦; 1008. 4 ♥, 4 ♦; 1009. 4 ♠, 5 ♦; 1010. 4 ♥, 5 ♦; 1011. 4 ♠, 6 ♦; 1012. 4 ♥, 6 ♦.

Item	a	b
1001	(36,41)	(64,59)
1002	(23,30)	(77,70)
1003	(74,79)	(26,21)
1004	(58,69)	(42,31)
1005	(83,87)	(17,13)
1006	(82,82)	(18,18)
1007	(73,78)	(27,22)
1008	(59,66)	(41,34)
1009	(91,90)	(9,10)
1010	(90,92)	(10,8)
1011	(91,92)	(9,8)
1012	(92,94)	(8,6)

   Currently, BWS uses the ranges of 6-10 for a one-notrump repsonse to one diamond and 8-10 for a one-notrump response to one club. Those requirements should be . . .
   1013a. retained. (40,38)
   1013b. switched to 6-10 after either minor opening. (59,60)
   1013c. otherwise reconsidered. (1,2)

   In BWS-2001, a two-club response to one diamond should be treated as . . .
   1014a. forcing to game. (21,19)
   1014b. forcing to game except where responder rebids his suit simply after opener has not promised extra values. (42,38)
   1014c. forcing to game except where responder rebids his suit simply after opener has not promised extra values or raises opener' two-diamond rebid to three. (9,7)
   1014d. forcing to game except where opener' rebid does not promise extra values and responder either rebids his suit simply or bids two notrump; or responder raises opener' two-diamond rebid to three. (12,18)
   1014e. creating forces according to some pattern not listed in 1014a-d. (16,18)

   In 1015-1037, vote that number and a (e.g., 1015a) for "yes," or that number and b (e.g., 1015b) for "no."
   If 1014a is adopted, should BWS-2001 use . . .
   1015. a two-notrump response to a minor-suit opening as natural and nonforcing?
   1016. one club — two diamonds as a weak jump response?
   1017. one diamond — three clubs as a weak jump response?
   1018. opener may bid one diamond — two clubs — two diamonds without five or more diamonds?
   1019. opener may bid one diamond — two clubs — two of a major without extra values?

   If 1014b is adopted, should BWS-2001 use . . .
   1020. 1015?
   1021. 1016?
   1022. 1017?
   1023. 1018?
   1024. 1019?
   1025. one diamond — two clubs — three clubs is forcing?

   If 1014c is adopted, should BWS-2001 use . . .
   1026. 1015?
   1027. 1016?
   1028. 1017?
   1029. 1018?
   1030. 1019?
   1031. one diamond — two clubs — three clubs is forcing?
 
  If 1014d is adopted, should BWS-2001 use . . .
   1032. 1015?
   1033. 1016?
   1034. 1017?
   1035. 1018?
   1036. 1019?
   1037. one diamond — two clubs — three clubs is forcing?

Item	a	b
1015	(50,.46)	(50,54)
1016	(13,22)	(87,78)
1017	(17,19)	(83,81)
1018	(35,39)	(65,61)
1019	(52,52)	(48,48)
1020	(61,63)	(39,37)
1021	(18,11)	(82,89)
1022	(17,12)	(83,88)
1023	(48,36)	(52,74)
1024	(53,70)	(47,30)
1025	(77,75)	(23,25)
1026	(56,60)	(44,40)
1027	(22,23)	(78,77)
1028	(18,11)	(82,89)
1029	(41,45)	(59,55)
1030	(59,49)	(41,51)
1031	(78,82)	(22,18)
1032	(43,38)	(57,62)
1033	(18,15)	(82,85)
1034	(19,15)	(81,85)
1035	(46,50)	(54,50)
1036	(59,55)	(41,45)
1037	(82,88)	(18,12)

   The current BWS structure for raising a minor-suit opening is: single raise limit or stronger, and denies a four-card or longer major; double raise preemptive; double jump-shift game-forcing splinter.
   1038a. This basic structrure should be exactly or essentially retained. (71,80)
   1038b. A significant modification of this structure should be used. (29,20)

   The strength of a preemptive double raise of a minor-suit opening is such that with a balanced hand too strong to open with one notrump (18-19 HCP), opener . . .
   1039a. should not (11,20)
   1039b. should only with an exceptional holding in the raised minor (34,17)
   1039c. should (55,63) bid or try for three notrump.

   In BWS-2001, the general treatment of a single jump-shift . . .
   1040a. should (92,98)
   1040b. should not (8,2) be analogous to how that response is handled after a major-suit opening.

   Currently, BWS uses a three-notrump response to a minor-suit opening to show a balanced hand, 16-17 HCP, and little suit-slam interest. This method should be . . .
   1041a. retained. (75,69)
   1041b. reconsidered. (25,31)

   In BWS-2001, a triple jump-shift response to a minor-suit opening (e.g., one diamond — five clubs or four spades) should be . . .
   1042a. natural. (84,95)
   1042b. artificial (meaning to be determined). (9,4)
   1042c. left undefined. (7,1)

Opener's Rebids

   In 1043-1054, vote for the number and a (e.g., 1043a) if the BWS-2001 treatment of the stated procedure should best be described as "always," or for the number and b (e.g., 1043b) if the best descriptive word is "sometimes," or for the number and c (e.g., 1043c) if the best word is "never."
   1043. With 4=3=3=3 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1044. With 4=3=3=3 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1045. With 4=3=3=3 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-heart response to one club.
   1046. With 4=3=3=3 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-heart response to one club.
   1047. With 3=4=3=3 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one heart after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1048. With 3=4=3=3 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one heart after a one-diamond response response to one club.
   1049. With 4=4=2=3 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one heart after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1050. With 4=4=2=3 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one heart after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1051. With 4=2=3=4 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1052. With 4=2=3=4 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-diamond response to one club.
   1053. With 4=2=3=4 too weak to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-heart response to one club.
   1054. With 4=2=3=4 too strong to open one notrump, opener rebids one spade after a one-heart response to one club.

Item	a	b	c
1043	(20,10)	(16,24)	(64,66)
1044	(4,7)	(33,34)	(63,59)
1045	(37,30)	(20,23)	(43,47)
1046	(5,10)	(41,30)	(54,60)
1047	(24,16)	(23,22)	(53,62)
1048	(10,4)	(32,37)	(58,59)
1049	(57,55)	(19,21)	(24,24)
1050	(22,17)	(37,35)	(41,48)
1051	(74,72)	(17,15)	(9,3)
1052	(26,35)	(61,47)	(13,18)
1053	(78,80)	(17,13)	(5,7)
1054	(24,16)	(54,70)	(22,14)

   In questions 1055-1058, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1055a) if the current BWS method for opener' rebid after a minor-suit opener should be retained in BWS-2001, or for that number and b (e.g., 1055b) if it should be reconsidered.
   1055. Opener' suit-over-suit reverse (e.g., one club — one spade — two hearts) is forcing and promises a rebid below game.
   1056. Opener' bid one level above a jump-shift or a forcing reverse (e.g., one club — one heart — three spades, or three diamonds when two diamonds is forcing) is a game-forcing splinter raise.
   1057. Opener' reverse after a one-notrump response is forcing.
   1058. Opener' double jump to three notrump shows a long, usually strong suit.

Item	a	b
1055	(96,97)	(4,3)
1056	(71,88)	(29,12)
1057	(100,96)	(0,4)
1058	(83,90)	(17,10)

   After a strong single minor raise, opener can show willingness to play in three of his minor by bidding it. Also, BWS-2001 should use . . .
   1059a. Opener' two-notrump rebid is nonforcing. (58,80)
   1059b. Opener' two-notrump rebid is forcing. (42,20)
   1060a. Opener' simple new-suit bid accepts a game-invitation. (16,8)
   1060b. The bidding may stop at three of the agreed minor after opener' new-suit bid. (48,60)
   1060c. The bidding may stop at two notrump or three of the agreed minor after opener' new-suit bid. (36,32)

   This poll continues the discussion of sequences that arise after our side' minor-suit opening.

Passed-Hand Situations

   For each of the methods in 1101-1106 currently used by BWS in responding to a minor-suit opening as a passed hand, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1101a) if that agreement should be retained, or for that number and b (e.g., 1101b) if it should not.
   1101. One notrump has the same range as by an unpassed hand.
   1102. A single raise is invitational or stronger, but not forcing.
   1103. A preemptive double raise has the same range as by an unpassed hand.
   1104. A jump-shift shows a strong hand, a fit, and length in the bid suit.
   1105. A double jump-shift is a splinter raise.
   1106. Two notrump is natural.

Item	a	b
1101	(100,98)	(0,2)
1102	(81,77)	(19,23)
1103	(87,71)	(13,29)
1104	(93,88)	(7,12)
1105	(94,82)	(6,18)
1106	(93,89)	(7,11)

Competitive Auctions

   For each of the methods in 1107-1112 currently used by BWS in responding to a minor-suit opening over a takeout double, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1107a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 1107b) if it should not.
   1107. A one-level new-suit response is forcing (by an unpassed hand).
   1108. one diamond — (double) — two clubs is not forcing.
   1109. Two notrump is a limit or stronger raise of opener' suit. (Direct jump raises preemptive. Direct single raise natural, similar to a single major-suit raise.)
   1110. A jump-shift is preemptive.
   1111. A double jump-shift is a splinter raise.
   1112. A redouble shows any hand with 10-plus HCP that is not suitable for a raise or a new-suit bid.

Item	a	b
1107	(100,95)	(0,5)
1108	(86,62)	(14,38)
1109	(83,74)	(17,26)
1110	(77,45)	(23,55)
1111	(81,87)	(19,13)
1112	(87,93)	(13,7)

   If 1107 or 1108 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 should . . .
   1113. use all simple new-suit bids as natural and forcing.
   1114. use some transfer-based method.
   1115. use some approach not listed above. ItemVote percentage 1113(75,85) 1114(13,11) 1115(12,4)

   If 1112 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 . . .
   1116a. should (57,39)
   1116b. should not (43,61) use a method in which responder can pass with a balanced or relatively balanced hand of redoubling strength and later double to suggest those values with a tripleton in the opponents’ suit. (Responder redoubles with the remaining shapes, with a follow-up low-level penalty double showing four-card length.)

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a minor-suit opening over an overcall, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1117a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 1117b) if it should not.
   1117. A double is negative through three spades.
   1118. A new-suit bid below game is forcing (by an unpassed hand).
   1119. Two notrump is natural and nonforcing (even as a jump).
   1120. Over a simple overcall, a cue-bid shows a raise with game-invitational or greater strength, and a jump cue-bid is a splinter. (Direct raises are preemptive.)
   1121. A jump-shift is preemptive.

Item	a	b
1117	(72,70)	(28,30)
1118	(97,88)	(3,12)
1119	(84,80)	(16,20)
1120	(98,77)	(2,23)
1121	(59,39)	(41,61)

   If 1121 is replaced, a jump-shift over a simple overcall should be . . .
   1122a. fit-showing. (79,78)
   1122b. a splinter raise. (11,3)
   1122c. neither 1122a nor 1122b. (10,29)

   If 1119 is to be replaced, BWS-2001 should use a method in which two notrump . . .
   1123a. is used to help distinguish competitive from strong bids in new suits (e.g., two notrump shows a stronger or weaker hand than a direct bid, or is part of a system of transfers). (19,36)
   1123b. follows 1123a, but only when it is not a jump. (39,37)
   1123c. is part of a system of transfers. (10,18)
   1123d. follows 1123c, but only when it is not a jump. (8,6)
   1123e. has some artificial meaning not listed above. (24,3)

   If 1123b or 1123d is adopted, one notrump . . .
   1124a. should (12,21)
   1124b. should not (88,79) be used artificially.

   For each of these methods currently used by BWS in responding to a minor-suit opening over an artificial action, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1125a) if that agreement should be retained, for that number and b (e.g., 1125b) if it should not.
   1125. Over a Michaels cue-bid (both majors): bid in unbid minor nonforcing; virtual cue-bid in a major is a stopper-showing raise of opener' minor.
   1126. Over any non-Michaels bid showing two fixed suits: cheaper cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a limit or stronger raise; second-cheapest cue-bid is a one-round force with length in the unspoken-for suit (a direct bid in that suit is nonforcing).
   1127. Over any non-Michaels bid showing two fixed suits: cheaper cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a one-round force indicating length in the unspoken-for suit (a direct bid in that suit is nonforcing); second-cheapest cue-bid is a limit or stronger raise.

Item	a	b
1125	(31,28)	(69,72)
1126	(44,41)	(56,59)
1127	((45,64)	(55,36)

Defensive Bidding

   This poll extends the previous inquiry into agreements that apply after an opponent opens the bidding.

After the Double of a One-Bid

   In BWS-2001, the default agreement is that a new-suit bid by a takeout doubler shows (substantial) extra strength. However, in a selectable leaf, called minELC, doubler' equal-level conversion of (specifically) a club advance to diamonds [(one of a major) — double — (pass) — two clubs — (pass) — two diamonds] indicates a minimum-range double with long diamonds and four hearts. Assuming the minELC leaf is being used, vote for a number and a (e.g., 1201a) if the diamond bid shown should indicate a minimum double or for that number and b (e.g., 1201b) if not.
   1201. (one heart) — double — (one spade) — two clubs — (pass)— two diamonds
   1202. (one of a major) — double — (pass) — three clubs — (pass) — three diamonds
   1203. (one heart) — double — (two hearts) — three clubs — (pass) — three diamonds
   1204. (one heart) — double — (three hearts) — four clubs — (pass) — four diamonds
   1205. (one heart) — double — (two hearts) — four clubs — (pass) — four diamonds
   1206. (one heart) — double — (four hearts) — five clubs — (pass) — five diamonds

Item	a	b
1201	(68,78)	(32,33)
1202	(40,54)	(60,46)
1203	(53,50)	(47,50)
1204	(29,36)	(71,64)
1205	(41,39)	(59,61)
1206	(33,36)	(67,64)

   In BWS-2001, the requirements for a one-notrump advance of a takeout double should . . .
   1207a. vary significantly with the vulnerabilty. (7,3)
   1207b. not vary significantly with the vulnerability. (93,97)
   1208a. vary significantly with the suit opened. (42,51)
   1208b. not vary significantly with the suit opened. (58,49)
   1209a. be about 6-9 points. (14,12)
   1209b. be about 7-10 points. (52,68)
   1209c. be about 8-11 points. (10,14)
   1209d. be something not listed in 1209a-c. (24,6)
   1210a. include a stopper in opener' suit. (39,38)
   1210b. include at least a partial stopper in opener' suit. (21,34)
   1210c. allow stopperless length in opener' suit with a maximum. (19,15)
   1210d. allow stopperless length in opener' suit. (21,13)
   BWS currently uses a cue-bid advance of a takeout double to show at least game interest and to create a force until a suit is bid twice or game is reached. This treatment . . .
   1211a. should be retained. (90,83)
   1211b. should be reexamined. (10,17)

   For each of the following sequences, where a raise to two spades indicates four-card support and approximately a four-point range (in 4-3-2-1-speak), vote for that number and a (e.g., 1212a) if the minimum strength required is the takeout-double minimum, for that number and b (e.g., 1212b) if the minimum strength required is roughly one queen above the takeout-double minimum, for that number and c (e.g., 1212c) if the minimum strength required is roughly one ace above the takeout-double minimum, or for that number and d (e.g., 1212d) if the minimum strength required is roughly one ace and one queen above the takeout-double minimum.
   1212. (one club) — double — (pass) — one spade — (pass) — two spades
   1213. (one club) — double — (one heart) — one spade — (pass) — two spades
   1214. (one club) — double — (pass) — one spade — (two clubs) — two spades
   1215. (one club) — double — (one heart) — one spade — (two clubs) — two spades

Item	a	b	c	d
1212	(7,22)	(17,24)	(71,35)	(5,19)
1213	(24,18)	(37,34)	(38,47)	(38,47)
1214	(27,16)	(50,44)	(22,39)	(1,1)
1215	(51,30)	(36,38)	(13,30)	(0,2)

   In BWS-2001, doubler' strength-showing cue-bid [e.g., (one club) — double — (pass) — one spade — (pass) — two clubs] should . . .
   1216a. not promise another bid (i.e., doubler could pass if advancer bids two hearts in the example sequence). (14,6)
   1216b. force until a suit has been bid twice or game is reached (the current BWS treatment). (34,49)
   1216c. not promise another bid if advancer bids no higher than two of his original suit but guarantee another bid if advancer bids higher than that (but below game). (45,42)
   1216d. create a level of force other than those listed above. (7,3)
   1217a. deny four-card support for advancer' major suit (except where followed by a jump). (43,28)
   1217b. be allowed with four-card support for advancer' major suit in a hand too strong for a direct single raise. (57,72)

   After doubler' strength-showing new-suit bid [e.g., (one club) — double — (pass) — one spade — (pass) — two diamonds] . . .
   1218a. advancer should pass with a very weak hand, even with a misfit. (27,22)
   1218b. advancer may correct to the next level of his bid suit or an unbid suit without showing any high-card values. (13,8)
   1218c. advancer may correct only to the next level of his own suit or to an unbid suit that underranks it without showing any high-card values. (53,67)
   1218d. advancer may correct to the next level of his own suit without showing any high-card values, but a new-suit bid shows strength. (7,3)
   1219a. advancer' simple notrump bid guarantees a stopper in opener' suit. (70,73)
   1219b. advancer' simple notrump bid guarantees at least a partial stopper in opener' suit. (29,16)
   1219c. advancer might bid notrump with weak length in opener' suit. (1,11)

   After (one of a suit) — double — (redouble) — ?, . . .
   1220a. advancer' new-suit jumps should be constructive. (10,35)
   1220b. advancer' new-suit jumps should be preemptive. (90,65)
   1221a. when the suit opened is a major, advancer' one notrump should be constructive. (43,48)
   1221b. when the suit opened is a major, advancer' one notrump should be for escape. (57,52)
   1222a. advancer' cue-bid should be constructive (forcing for one round). (51,78)
   1222b. advancer' cue-bid should be part of a scheme of showing two-suited hands. (24,10)
   1222c. advancer' cue-bid should be natural. (8,6)
   1222d. advancer' cue-bid should be something not listed above. (17,6)

   After a sequence of the general form (one club) — double — (one heart) — ?, . . .
   1223a. double should be for penalty. (81,94)
   1223b. double should be for takeout. (19,6)
   1224a. two clubs should be natural; two hearts should be artificial and forcing. (51,67)
   1224b. two clubs and two hearts should both be artificial and forcing. (28,24)
   1224c. two clubs should be artificial and forcing; two hearts should be natural. (19,6)
   1224d. two clubs and two hearts should have some other set of meanings. (2,3)

   After a sequence of the form (suit bid) — double — (raise) — ?, a double should be responsive (for takeout or showing general values, depending on level) . . .
   1225a. always (current treatment) (94,88)
   1225b. not in some situations (to be specified later). (6,12)

After a Simple Overcall

   In BWS-2001, after a simple overcall, unpassed advancer' new-suit bids should be treated as . . .
   1226a. natural and forcing. (24,27)
   1226b. natural and nonforcing. (37,34)
   1226c. natural and forcing at the same level as the overcall, nonforcing at a higher level. (2,3)
   1226d. natural and forcing only following a two-level overcall. (23,16)
   1226e. natural and forcing following a two-level overcall or as a one-level advance of a one-level overcall. (0,3)
   1226f. part of a system of transfer advances. (13,17)
   1226g. something not listed here. (1,0)

   In BWS-2001, the requirements for a one-notrump advance of an overcall should . . .
   1227a. vary significantly with the vulnerabilty. (11,4)
   1227b. not vary significantly with the vulnerability. (89,96)
   1228a. vary significantly with the suit opened. (4,5)
   1228b. not vary significantly with the suit opened. (96,95)
   1229a. be about 6-9 points. (0,9)
   1229b. be about 7-10 points. (32,37)
   1229c. be about 8-11 points. (50,42)
   1229d. be something not listed in 1229a-c. (18,12)
   1230a. include a stopper in opener' suit. (59,46)
   1230b. include at least a partial stopper in opener' suit. (17,23)
   1230c. allow stopperless length in opener' suit with a maximum. (16,19)
   1230d. allow stopperless length in opener' suit. (8,12)

   After a sequence similar to (one club) — one diamond — (one heart) — ?, . . .
   1231a. double should be for penalty. (2,10)
   1231b. double should be for takeout. (11,5)
   1231c. double should show length in the unbid suit plus a tolerance for overcaller' suit. (87,85)
   1232a. a cue-bid in opener' suit (two clubs in the example sequence) should be natural. (21,45)
   1232b. a cue-bid in opener' suit (two clubs in the example sequence) should be similar to two clubs had responder passed. (79,55)
   1233a. a bid of the unbid suit (one spade in the example sequence) should be forcing. (30,38)
   1233b. a bid of the unbid suit (one spade in the example sequence) should be nonforcing. (70,62)

   After (suit bid) — simple overcall — (raise) — ?, a double should be not for penalty . . .
   1234a. always (59,41)
   1234b. only at the two level (current treatment). (7,30)
   1234c. as high as the three level. (27,20)
   1234d. according to some scheme other than those in 1234a-c. (7,9)

   After (suit opening) — simple overcall — (single raise) — single raise — (same-suit rebid) — ?, a double should be used as a game-invitation . . .
   1235a. when there is no new-suit bid available below three of the overcalled suit. (current treatment) (77,82)
   1235b. always. (13,12)
   1235c. according to some scheme other than those in 1235a-b. (10,6)

   After (suit opening) — simple overcall — (negative double) — ?, a redouble should show . . .
   1236a. strength. (71,75)
   1236b. a strong desire for overcaller to escape to another suit. (1,4)
   1236c. a high honor in overcaller' suit. (26,16)
   1236d. something not listed above. (2,5)

After a Defensive One Notrump

   In advancing a direct-position one-notrump overcall (strong 15 to 18), BWS-2001 should use . . .
   1237a. two clubs Stayman; jumps invitational. (current treatment) (17,11)
   1237b. two clubs weak Stayman; cue-bid (if not two clubs) at least game-invitational Stayman. (10,4)
   1237c. cue-bid Stayman; other two-level takeouts weak. (9,3)
   1237d. whatever is used in response to one-notrump openings. (60,80)
   1237e. something not listed above. (4,2)

   In advancing a reopening-position one-notrump overcall (10 to 14), BWS-2001 should use . . .
   1238a. two clubs Stayman; jumps invitational. (5,3)
   1238b. two clubs weak Stayman; cue-bid (if not two clubs) at least game-invitational Stayman. (14,10)
   1238c. cue-bid Stayman; other two-level takeouts weak. (23,20)
   1238d. whatever is used in response to one-notrump openings. (39,61)
   1238e. no two-level suit bid as forcing. (7,2)
   1238f. something not listed above. (12,4)

After Reopening a One-Bid

   In BWS-2001, a reopening single-jump overcall [e.g., (one club) — pass — (pass) — two spades] has a strength range of about one king and shows at least an opening bid with at least a strong six-card suit. In advancing such a bid . . .
   1239a. two notrump should be invitational and nonforcing. (39,44)
   1239b. two notrump should be forcing for one round. (61,56)
   1240a. a new-suit bid should be correctional. (7,11)
   1240b. a new-suit bid should be forcing for one round. (93,89)

   After a sequence such as (one heart) — pass — (pass) — one spade — (two diamonds) — ?, . . .
   1241a. a cue-bid in opener' first suit (two hearts in the example sequence) should be natural. (6,18)
   1241b. a cue-bid in opener' first suit (two hearts in the example sequence) should be forcing and artificial. (94,82)

When the Opener has Preempted

   In advancing a direct-position two-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid (strong-notrump values), BWS-2001 should use . . .
   1242a. a transfer-based approach. (83,86)
   1242b. a cue-bid as the only low-level force. (1,1)
   1242c. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; unbid majors forcing; unbid minors weak or mildly invitational. (4,2)
   1242d. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; other suit three-bids forcing. (6,2)
   1242e. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; other suit three-bids nonforcing. (3,2)
   1242f. something not listed here. (3,7)

   In advancing a reopening-position two-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid, BWS-2001 should use . . .
   1243a. a transfer-based approach. (77,82)
   1243b. a cue-bid as the only low-level force. (4,4)
   1243c. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; unbid majors forcing; unbid minors weak or mildly invitational. (4,3)
   1243d. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; other suit three-bids forcing. (7,5)
   1243e. a cue-bid as a Stayman equivalent; other suit three-bids nonforcing. (2,3)
   1243f. something not listed here. (6,3)

   After a sequence such as (three clubs) — pass — (three hearts, forcing) — ?, a double should . . .
   1244a. be takeout of opener' suit (clubs in the example). (31,32)
   1244b. show responder' suit (hearts in the example). (20,14)
   1244c. be takeout for the two unbid suits. (48,53)
   1244d. mean something not listed above. (1,1)

   In a sequence of the form of that in question 1244, the meaning of a double . . .
   1245a. should (24,20)
   1245b. should not (76,80) be different if the new-suit response is not forcing.

   In a sequence of the form of that in question 1244, the meaning of a double . . .
   1246a. should (31,21)
   1246b. should not (69,79) be different if the new-suit response is a jump.

General Agreements and Defaults

   The panel has voted that the vulnerability sometimes influences whether or not a situation is forcing. In that context . . .
   1301a. the only vulnerability adjustment is that some situations that are nonforcing otherwise are forcing when we are vulnerable against nonvulnerable opponents. (54,61)
   1301b. 1301a is an inadequate description of the adjustments. (46,39)
   If there are situations that are forcing only when our side alone is vulnerable, these are . . .
   1302a. when the opponents bid at or above game and our side has shown strength or itself bid game nonpreemptively. (35,42)
   1302b. as in 1302a and also when we have entered the auction over a preemptive opening and the next opponent to speak bids at or above game. (32,27)
   1302c. neither 1302a nor 1302b is an adequate description of this category. (33,31)

   The default interpretation of a redouble is natural (to play). For each of the following situations, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1303a) if the default should hold, for that number and b (e.g., 1303b) if a redouble should express doubt, or for that number and c (e.g., 1303c) if a redouble should be for takeout.
   1303. opener' redouble of the direct double of a suit one-bid passed for penalty
   1304. opener' redouble of a reopening double of a suit one-bid
   1305. advancer' redouble of the negative double of a simple overcall of a one-bid
   1306. advancer' redouble of the penalty double of a simple overcall of a one-bid
   1307. advancer' redouble of the double of a (natural) one-notrump overcall of a one-bid
   1308. advancer' redouble of the double of a simple overcall of a preempt
   1309. advancer' redouble of the double of a jump overcall of a preempt
   1310. advancer' redouble of the double of a two-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid
   1311. advancer' redouble of the double of a simple three-notrump overcall of a preempt
   1312. advancer' redouble of the double of a three-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid
   1313. responder' redouble of the penalty double of a one-notrump opening
   1314. responder redouble of an artificial double of a one-notrump opening

Item	a	b	c
1303	(11,15)	(10,17)	(79,68)
1304	(89,84)	(7,6)	(4,10)
1305	(88,86)	(11,8)	(1,6)
1306	(24,38)	(7,12)	(69,50)
1307	(47,45)	(10,5)	(43,50)
1308	(48,42)	(8,10)	(44,48)
1309	(87,91)	(7,3)	(6,6)
1310	(39,48)	(8,4)	(53,48)
1311	(45,51)	(24,20)	(31,29)
1312	(53,60)	(24,27)	(23,13)
1313	(48,55)	(8,9)	(44,36)
1314	(96,94)	(1,2)	(3,4)

  
   In BWS, a penalty double or a penalty pass of a takeout double does not create a force if the partnership was not otherwise obliged to act. That principle . . .
   1315a. extends (no force created) (34,40)
   1315b. does not extend (force created) (66,60) to a strength-showing redouble by an unlimited hand [e.g., one spade — (pass) — two spades — (double) — redouble]
   1316a. extends (no force created) (75,83)
   1316b. does not extend (force created) (25,17) to a strength-showing redouble by a limited hand [e.g., one spade — (pass) — two spades — (pass) — pass — (double) — redouble]

Slam-Bidding Methods

   The panel has voted that Key-Card Blackwood in BWS-2001 should refer to six key cards (four aces and the kings of two key suits) in certain situations. Those situations are defined as . . .
   1401a. when two suits have been supported. (59,66)
   1401b. 1401a or when the Blackwood bidder has shown a two-suiter. (8,5)
   1401c. 1401a or when the Blackwood bidder has shown one suit and raised another. (3,6)
   1401d. 1401a or when the Blackwood bidder has introduced a suit when he could have used one-key-suit Key-Card Blackwood instead. (0,3)
   1401e. 1401a, 1401b, or 1401c. (2,4)
   1401f. 1401a, 1401b, or 1401d. (4,5)
   1401g. 1401a, 1401c, or 1401d. (3,2)
   1401h. 1401a, 1401b, 1401c or 1401d. (13,8)
   1401i. some pattern not listed above. (8,1)

   When Six-Key-Card Blackwood applies,
   1402a. A later bid in any key suit is nonforcing. (83,80)
   1402b. The only later bids below six notrump that are nonforcing are in what would have been the agreed suit in ordinary Key-Card Blackwood. (17,20)
   1403a. A queen-ask refers to both key suits. (79,88)
   1403b. A queen-ask refers only to what would have been the agreed suit in ordinary Key-Card Blackwood (but the queen of the other key suit has the status of a king of one of the non-key suits). (21,12)
   When 1403a applies, responses to the queen-ask are . . .
   1404a. in steps: one step, no queen; two steps, one queen; three or more steps, both queens. (43,56)
   1404b. in steps: no queen; lower-suit queen; higher-suit queen; both queens. (26,22)
   1404c. analogous to ordinary Key-Card Blackwood in that the weakest action, the cheapest nonforcing bid (under whichever of 1402a or 1402b applies) shows no queen. (10,12)
   1404d. something not listed above. (21,10)
   1405a. the specific-king-ask refers only to kings of non-key suits. (80.91)
   1405b. the specific-king-ask refers to kings of non-key suits and the queen of a key suit that was not subject to a queen-ask [different from 1405a only if 1403b is adopted]. (7,2)
   1405c. the specific-king-ask is not used, or is used differently from 1405a and 1405b. (13,7)

   The panel has voted that, in some situations, BWS will use Last Train slam-tries: The only call that could indicate slam interest (or further slam interest) without raising the bidding level is unrelated to the strain named (unless followed by an uninvited further action). [Example: one spade — four diamonds (splinter raise) — four hearts (if Last Train, a slam-try temporarily unrelated to hearts)] Last-Train situations are defined as . . .
   1406a. any time a call is the only way to encourage without exceeding the current security level. (63,60)
   1406b. 1406a, except when the call would otherwise indicate a control in the only suit that neither partner has either indicated as a long suit or shown controlled. (1,4)
   1406c. 1406a, except when the call would otherwise indicate a control in the only non-agreed suit in which neither partner has shown a control. (15,11)
   1406d. 1406a, except the situations described in both 1406b and 1406c. (14,20)
   1406e. following some scheme not listed here. (7,5)

   When four notrump would be Key-Card Blackwood, and instead a player makes a slam-try and indicates a short suit, receives no encouragment, and then bids four notrump (e.g., one spade — four clubs — four spades — four notrump), that should be . . .
   1407a. Key-Card Blackwood (45,41)
   1407b. Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood. (55,59)

   The treatment in which responder can first jump-shift, then bid four notrump to ask for key cards with his own suit the agreed suit has been rejected. In that context, a four-notrump rebid by a responder who jump-shifted should be . . .
   1408a. Key-Card Blackwood with opener' (original) suit agreed. (42,35)
   1408b. something else. (58,65)

Partnership-Bidding Methods

   After our single major-suit raise [e.g., one spade — (pass) — two spades — (pass) — ?] . . .
   1501a. a rebid of three of the raised suit should be preemptive. (59,74)
   1501b. a rebid of three of the raised suit should be a game-try. (41,26)
   1502a. a new-suit game-try should show a long suit (or "help suit"). (96,92)
   1502b. a new-suit game-try should show a short suit. (4,8)
   1503a. two notrump should be forcing. (69,47)
   1503b. two notrump should be nonforcing. (31,53)

   In items 1504 to 1536, in which responder is unpassed except where stated, vote for that item and a (e.g., 1504a) if the agreement about responder' rebids should be adopted, or for that item and b (e.g., 1504b) if the obvious or only indicated alternative should be preferred, or, where applicable for that item and c (e.g. 1504c) if that additional proposed alternative should be preferred.
   After a one-level response and opener' simple same-suit rebid . . .
   1504. A third-suit bid at the three level (e.g., one diamond — one heart — two diamonds — three clubs) is forcing to game.
   1505. A third-suit reverse at the two level (e.g., one diamond — one heart — two diamonds — two spades) is forcing to game.
   1506. A third-suit non-reverse at the two level (e.g., one club — one heart — two clubs — two diamonds) is forcing for one round; responder may pass if opener bids two of responder' first suit or three of opener' suit.
   1507. A non-reverse jump in a third suit (e.g., one club — one spade — two clubs — three hearts) is natural and game-forcing; bidding and rebidding the same suit (e.g., two hearts, then three hearts) is invitational; a bid one level higher (e.g., four hearts) is a splinter.
   1508. A jump-reverse in a third suit (e.g., one club — one heart — two clubs — three spades) is a splinter.
   After a one-level response and opener' simple new-suit rebid, responder' bids of two notrump and three of any previously-bid suit are invitational and . . .
   1509. A fourth-suit bid at the three level (e.g., one heart — one spade — two diamonds — three clubs) is forcing to game.
   1510. A fourth-suit reverse at the two level (e.g., one diamond — one heart — two clubs — two spades) is forcing to game.
   1511. A fourth-suit non-reverse at the two level (e.g., one club — one heart — one spade — two diamonds) is forcing for one round; responder may pass if opener bids two of responder' first suit, two notrump, or a minimum number in one of his own suits. [b: non-reverse fourth-suit bid at the two level promises a rebid but is not forcing to game. c: non-reverse fourth-suit bid at the two level is forcing to game.]
   1512. A bid one level above a game-forcing fourth-suit bid is a splinter.
   1513. A bid one level above a not-game-forcing fourth-suit bid (e.g., one diamond — one spade — two clubs — three hearts if 1511a or 1511b is adopted) is natural and game-forcing; bidding and rebidding the same suit is invitational; a bid one level higher is a splinter.
   After one club — one diamond — one heart — ? . . .
   1514. one spade should show spades, similar to a one-level response; two spades acts as an artificial fourth-suit bid. [b: one spade acts as a fourth-suit bid, but is possibly weak. c: one spade acts as a fourth-suit bid and is treated analogously with question 1511, with opener' one notrump replacing two notrump.]
   In items 1515-1516, responder is a passed hand.
   1515. A third-suit bid is not forcing unless it is a reverse.
   1516. A fourth-suit bid is not forcing unless it is a reverse.
   After a one-notrump response and opener' reverse (e.g., one diamond — one notrump — two hearts — ?) . . .
   1517. Three of an underranking suit (e.g., three clubs in the example) is nonforcing.
   1518. Two notrump is nonforcing.
   1519. Three of opener' first suit (e.g., three diamonds in the example) is nonforcing.
   After a one-level suit response and a rebid-promising reverse (e.g., one diamond — one spade — two hearts), any responder' rebid except two of his own suit (indicating at least a five-card suit) or the neutral noise is forcing to game.
   1520. In this context, the neutral noise is the cheaper of a fourth-suit bid and two notrump. [alternative: always two notrump]
   After a one-level suit response and opener' jump-shift to the three level (e.g., one diamond — one heart — three clubs — ?), . . .
   1521. Responder bids naturally. [alternative: the cheapest bid is artificial and potentially neutral]
   After a one-level suit response and opener' jump-shift to the two level (e.g., one diamond — one heart — two spades — ?), . . .
   1522. Responder bids naturally. [alternative: the cheapest bid is artificial and potentially neutral]
   After opener' single major-suit raise (e.g., one diamond — one spade — two spades — ?), . . .
   1523. A reraise (three spades in the example) is invitational.
   1524. Two notrump is invitational, nonforcing.
   1525. Three of opener' minor is forcing for one round.
   1526. one heart —one spade — two spades — three hearts is forcing (similar to one heart — two clubs — three clubs — three hearts).
   Responder' bid of four of opener' minor . . .
   1527. is a splinter after opener' one-level suit rebid (e.g., one club — one heart — one spade — four clubs)
   1528. is natural and forcing after opener' same-suit jump rebid (e.g., one club — one heart — three clubs — four clubs)
   1529. is natural and forcing after opener' same-suit simple rebid (e.g., one club — one heart — two clubs — four clubs)
   After opener' jump to two notrump (e.g., one diamond — one heart — two notrump — ?), . . .
   1530. three clubs is artificial; opener bids three diamonds unless he has three-card support for responder' original suit; responder' next bid up to and including three of his original suit is nonforcing.
   1531. having bid three clubs, responder' next bid above three of his original suit that could be a signoff is so, that could be a choice of games is so, that could be a checkback for an eight-card major-suit fit is so, otherwise converts the three-club rebid to a natural bid of clubs.
   1532. three diamonds shows a fit for opener' original minor. [alternative: shows diamonds]

   After opener' one-notrump rebid (e.g., one diamond — one heart — one notrump — ?) . . .
   1533. the cheapest two of an unbid minor is artificial, forcing, at least game-invitatonal strength.
   1534. If 1533 is adopted, opener' priorities after the artificial force are: show a three-card fit for responder' suit, show four-card length in an unbid major, show a minimum with the cheapest other bid, show a maximum with any other bid (choosing descriptively).
   1535. If 1533 and 1534 are adopted, responder' next bid is forcing unless it is two of his original suit, two notrump, or a raise to three of the major just bid by opener (direct jumps to three of a suit over one notrump are invitational). [alternative: direct jump to three of the cheaper minor is weak]
   After one spade — one notrump — two clubs — ?,
   1536. Bart (two diamonds artificial, suggests hearts, rebid shows a stronger hand than the same bid directly after two clubs) should be used.

1504	(68,75)	(32,25)
1505	(67,62)	(33,38)
1506	(85,88)	(15,12)
1507	(76,61)	(24,39)
1508	(998,93)	(2,7)
1509	(92,87)	(8,13)
1510	(91,87)	(9,13)
1511	(44,40)	(19,24)	(37,36)
1512	(93,90)	(7,10)
1513	(84,74)	(16,26)
1514	(53,47)	(40,40)	(7,13)
1515	(53,47)	(40,40)	(7,13)
1516	(74,70)	(26,30)
1517	(60,65)	(40,35)
1518	64,71)	(36,29)
1519	(55,58)	(45,42)
1520	(79,83)	(21,17)
1521	(88,81)	(12,19)
1522	(85,86)	((15,14)
1523	(96,89)	(4,11)
1524	(56,63)	(44,37)
1525	(81,73)	(19,27)
1526	(93,86)	(7,14)
1527	(100,96)	(0,4)
1528	(92,84)	(8,16)
1529	(92,94)	(8,6)
1530	(63,69)	(37,31)
1531	(61,74)	(39.26)
1532	(50,56)	(46,40)
1533	(72,78)	(28,22)
1534	(84,72)	(16,28)
1535	(52,57)	(39,38)
1536	(55,60)	(45,40)

   A single raise of a one-diamond response (one club — one diamond — two diamonds) . . .
   1537a. shows a minimum-range opening. (97,95)
   1537b. shows the values to reverse but is not forcing. (3,4)
   1537c. shows at least the values to reverse and is forcing for one round. (0,1)

   After opening one of a minor with 4=3=1=5 or 4=3=5=1 distribution and a hand worth a raise of a one-heart response to two, after a one-heart response opener should . . .
   1538a. rebid one spade. (69,80)
   1538b. rebid one spade with the stronger half of the range, otherwise two hearts. (23,14)
   1538c. rebid one spade with the weaker half of the range, otherwise two hearts. (1,1)
   1538d. rebid two hearts. (7,5)

   Agreements about handling the sequence one diamond — two clubs place responder awkwardly when holding a hand of invitational strength, three diamonds, and six clubs. With that hand-type, responder should normally . . .
   1539a. respond two clubs, then rebid three clubs (nonforcing). (56,62)
   1539b. respond two clubs, then rebid three diamonds (forcing). (26,30)
   1539c. respond two diamonds. (2,1)
   1539d. adopt a strategy not listed in 1539a through 1539c. (16,7)

   In BWS, two notrump and below-game new-suit responses to preemptive openings are forcing. In that context, a below-game, jump new-suit response to a preemptive opening should be treated as . . .
   1540a. ace-asking in certain cases. (24,39)
   1540b. never ace-asking. (76,61)
   1541a. key-card-asking in certain cases. (74,85)
   1541b. never key-card-asking. (26,15)

   (There is no item 1542.]

   When (if ever) such jumps are ace or key-card asking, the ask is . . .
   1543a. four clubs. (68,79)
   1543b. the cheapest such jump. (17,5)
   1543c. the cheapest jump one step below a bid in opener' suit. (1,1)
   1543d. something else. (14,15)

   When such jumps are not ace- or key-card-asks, they should be . . .
   1544a. preemptive. (30,47)
   1544b. natural and invitational. (15,9)
   1544c. a splinter raise of opener' suit. (7,8)
   1544d. a fit-jump. (11,15)
   1544e. an asking-bid about the bid suit. (32,20)
   1544f. something not listed here. (5,1)

   The panel has voted to reconsider using a three-notrump response to a major-suit opening to show a balanced hand, 16-17 HCP, and little suit-slam interest. In this context, three notrump would be better used as . . .
   1545a. a balanced hand with 13-15 HCP and little suit-slam interest. (25,37)
   1545b. a weak game-raise. (7,10)
   1545c. a game-raise with an unspecified void. (4,1)
   1545d. the equivalent of a preemptive raise to four of opener' suit but with some outside strength. (33,24)
   1545e. some other form of raise. (8,6)
   1545f. something not mentioned above. (23,22)

   A four-diamond response to a gambling three-notrump opening should . . .
   1546a. ask for shortness (opener bids four of a major with shortness there, four notrump with no shortness, five of a minor with shortness in the other minor). (73,85)
   1546b. ask for shortness (opener follows a scheme other than that in 1546a). (8,3)
   1546c. not ask for shortness. (19,12)

   After an invitational two-notrump response to a minor, a simple rebid of opener' suit is nonforcing, a reverse is forcing, and one diamond — two notrump — three clubs should be . . .
   1547a. forcing. (63,82)
   1547b. nonforcing. (37,18)

   Responder' rebid in the sequences one heart — one spade — two of a minor — three hearts should be . . .
   1548a. forcing. (32,20)
   1548b. invitational. (68,80)

   A passed-hand jump-shift response to a major-suit opening shows the suit bid and a fit with opener except into clubs (because two clubs is artificial and three clubs is invitational with long clubs). In this context, a jump response of two notrump . . .
   1549a. should (35,22)
   1549b. should not (65,78) be used to show clubs plus a fit for opener' major.

   The Smolen sequence (Y) two notrump — three clubs — three diamonds — three hearts —three notrump — four hearts and the Jacoby Transfer sequence (Z) two notrump — three hearts — three spades — four hearts, both suggest five-five in the majors. The difference is . . .
   1550a. (Y) is a signoff and (Z) is a mild slam-try. (33,44)
   1550b. (Y) is a mild slam-try and (Z) is a signoff. (29,23)
   1550c. something other than in 1550a-b. (38,33)

   The distinction between (Y) and (Z) from question 1550, but applied to different shapes, . . .
   1551a. should (43,41)
   1551b. should not (57,59) be carried over to (YY) two notrump — three clubs — three diamonds — three spades — four hearts, and (ZZ) two notrump — three diamonds — three hearts — three spades — three notrump — four hearts.

   In responding to a one-notrump opening, BWS includes Smolen, and, in the default-leaf structure, a three-of-a-major response to show both minors and shortness in the suit bid. The sequence one notrump — two hearts — two spades — three hearts should show at least five-five in the majors and . . .
   1552a. a slam-try (11,6)
   1552b. at least a game-force (69,78)
   1552c. invitational strength (nonforcing) (19,14)
   1552d. something not listed in 1552a-c (1,2)

Competitive-Bidding Methods

   BWS uses negative doubles after our suit one-bid is overcalled no higher than three spades. In 1601-1607, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1601a) if the requirement of negative doubler' holding at least four cards in any unbid major can best be described as "firm" [opener might bid a three-card major], for that number and b (e.g., 1601b) if it can best be described as "tentative" [opener should not bid a three-card major], for that number and c (e.g., 1601c) if it can best be described as "absent."
   1601. a double of one diamond
   1602. a double of one heart
   1603. a double of one spade
   1604. a double at the two level with one unbid major
   1605. a double at the two level with two unbid majors
   1606. a double at the three level with one unbid major
   1607. a double at the three level with two unbid majors

Item	a	b	c
1601	(79,90)	(20,8)	(1,2)
1602	(61,82)	(26,11)	(13,7)
1603	(67,78)	(28,15)	(5,7)
1604	(71,86)	(25,12)	(4,2)
1605	(22,40)	(70,51)	(8,9)
1606	(52,67)	(39,30)	(9,3)
1607	(18,30)	(63,55)	(19,15)

   When the requirement for negative doubler to hold four cards in an unbid major is firm, . . .
   1608a. opener' bid in such a major has the effect of a raise [e.g., one club — (one heart) — double — (pass) — three spades is similar to raising a one-spade response to three]. (61,64)
   1608b. opener' bid in such a major is based only on his own values. (39,36)

   In the sequences one club — (one of a major) — double — (pass) — two diamonds, opener' rebid . . .
   1609a. does (38,21)
   1609b. does not (62,79) show extra values.

   Support Doubles . . .
   1610a. should (53,48)
   1610b. should not (47,52) apply after a natural one-notrump intervention over the response.

   Support Doubles . . .
   1611a. should (79,88)
   1611b. should not (21,12) apply after an artificial one-notrump intervention over the response.

   After one club — (double) — one diamond — (one spade) — ?, a double . . .
   1612a. should (60,63)
   1612b. should not (40,37) show hearts.

   After two clubs — (double) — ?
   1613a. pass should indicate double-negative strength. (23,28)
   1613b. redouble should indicate double-negative strength. (27,14)
   1613c. pass and redouble should relate to responder' club holding. (30,45)
   1613d. none of 1612a through 1612c should apply. (20,13)

   After an overcall of our two-club opening, a pass by responder is forcing at all levels. A double by responder should show . . .
   1614a. a strong holding in overcaller' suit at the two level; general discouragement at higher levels. (11,25)
   1614b. a strong holding in overcaller' suit at the two or three level; general discouragement at higher levels. (8,11)
   1614c. a strong holding in overcaller' suit at the two, three or four level; general discouragement at higher levels. (27,10)
   1614d. holdings according to some other pattern [double negative]. (54,54)

   The panel has voted to reconsider the earlier BWS treatments marked with an asterisk (*). For each proposed adjustment, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1615a) if the change should be made or that number and b (e.g., 1615b) if it should not. *Over an opposing Michaels minor-suit cue-bid (showing both majors): a bid in the unbid minor is nonforcing; a virtual cue-bid in a major is a stopper-showing raise of opener' minor.
   1615. a bid in the unbid minor is forcing.
   1616. the cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger raise of opener' minor; the second cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger bid in the unbid minor.
   1617. the cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger bid in the unbid minor; the second cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger raise of opener' minor. *After our minor-suit opening and any non-Michaels overcall showing two fixed suits: cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a limit or stronger raise; second-cheapest cue-bid is a one-round force with length in the unspoken-for suit (a direct bid in that suit is nonforcing).
   1618. cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a one-round force with length in the unspoken-for suit (a direct bid in that suit is nonforcing); second cheapest cue-bid is a limit or stronger raise.

Item	a	b
1615	(30,22)	(70,78)
1616	(36,38)	(64,62)
1617	(50,49)	(50,51)
1618	(57,62)	(43,38)

   After one of a suit — (double) — redouble — (bid) — ?, opener' pass is forcing . . .
   1619a. everywhere. (33,47)
   1619b. only at the one level. (3,1)
   1619c. as high as two of opener' original suit. (20,24)
   1619d. through the two level. (29,19)
   1619e. through the three level. (15,9)
   After one of a suit — (double) — redouble — (pass) — pass — (bid) — ?, responder' pass is forcing . . .
   1620a. everywhere. (37,50)
   1620b. only at the one level. (4,2)
   1620c. as high as two of opener' original suit. (18,16)
   1620d. through the two level. (34,30)
   1620e. through the three level. (7,2)

   After one of a major — (pass) — one notrump — (overcall) — ? . . .
   1621a. opener' double should be for penalty. (46,45)
   1621b. opener' double should be for takeout. (54,55)
   1622a. responder' double (after two passes) should be for penalty. (53,68)
   1622b. responder' double (after two passes) should be for takeout. (47,32)

Defensive-Bidding Methods

   The panel has voted to define sandwich-position jump cue-bids, such as three clubs and three hearts in the sequence (one club) — pass — (one heart) — ? In that sequence, for example, . . .
   1701a. three clubs should be similar to (one club) — three clubs. (55,60)
   1701b. three clubs should be similar to (one club) — pass — (pass) — three clubs. (23,27)
   1701c. three clubs should be defined independently of other jump cue-bids. (22,13)
   1702a. three hearts should be similar to (one heart) — three hearts. (49,55)
   1702b. three hearts should be similar to (one heart) — pass — (pass) — three hearts. (21,31)
   1702c. three hearts should be defined independently of other jump cue-bids. (30,14)

   In, for example, the sequence, (one club) — pass — (one heart) — double — (pass) — ?,
   1703a. two clubs should be natural. (58,72)
   1703b. two clubs should be forcing, but weaker than two hearts. (29,15)
   1703c. two clubs should be defined in some other way. (13,13)
   1704a. two hearts should promise further action until a suit is bid twice or game is reached (default BWS defensive cue-bid rule). (43,53)
   1704b. two hearts should promise a further bid below game. (48,32)
   1704c. two hearts should not promise a further bid. (9,15)

   In, for example, the sequence (one club) — pass — (one heart) — one notrump (which is natural in BWS-2001) — (pass) — ?, BWS should use an advancing structure
   1705a. similar to its method of responding to a one-notrump opening. (50,62)
   1705b. similar to the one it uses after (one heart) — one notrump — (pass) — ? (26,22)
   1705c. similar to the one it uses after (one heart) — pass — (pass) — one notrump — (pass) — ? (8,12)
   1705d. significantly different from anything in 1705a-c. (16,4)

   The requirement that intervenor be "weak or strong" for a Michaels’ Cue-Bid or Unusual Notrump Overcall . . .. .
   1706a. should (83,95)
   1706b. should not (17,5) be relaxed when the action is taken by a passed hand.

   In different leaves of BWS, simple new-suit advances of overcalls may be forcing or nonforcing.
   When new-suit advances are forcing, a cue-bid guarantees a fit for overcaller' suit and . . .
   1707a. a new-suit jump is weakish (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is invitational). (29,37)
   1707b. a new-suit jump is invitational (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is weakish). (15,22)
   1707c. a new-suit jump is a fit-jump (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is invitational). (43,33)
   1707d. a new-suit jump is a fit-jump (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is weakish). (13,8)
   1708a. a mixed-raise jump cue-bid shows at most one defensive trick. (18,24)
   1708b. a mixed-raise jump cue-bid shows at least one defensive trick. (82,76)
   When new-suit advances are nonforcing, a cue-bid may be either a strong raise or a prelude to a forcing bid in a new suit and . . .
   1709a. a new-suit jump is weakish (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is invitational). (8,4)
   1709b. a new-suit jump is invitational (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is weakish). (53,65)
   1709c. a new-suit jump is a fit-jump (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is invitational). (32,28)
   1709d. a new-suit jump is a fit-jump (a simple bid followed by a same-suit rebid is weakish). (7,3)
   1710a. a mixed-raise jump cue-bid shows at most one defensive trick. (26,25)
   1710b. a mixed-raise jump cue-bid shows at least one defensive trick. (74,75)
   When a new-suit advance would have been forcing if uncontested, in competition a simple new-suit advance should be . . .
   1711a. forcing. (33,24)
   1711b. forcing only if it does not bypass the next level of overcaller' suit. (15,6)
   1711c. forcing only if it bypasses the next level of overcaller' suit. (10,10)
   1711d. nonforcing. (42,60)
   In competition, a jump new-suit advance of an overcall below game should be . . .
   1712a. forcing. (8,11)
   1712b. nonforcing and preemptive. (24,30)
   1712c. nonforcing and invitational. (29,34)
   1712d. a fit-jump. (38,24)
   1712e. a splinter. (1,1)

   The panel has voted to adopt a transfer-based structure in advancing a two-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid (or of a two-level opening treated equivalently). Should this structure be . . .
   1713a. after a major-suit opening: all three-level suit bids are transfers to the next higher-ranking suit (three spades shows clubs), with a transfer into the suit of the weak two-bid functioning as Stayman. (52,54)
   1713b. after a major-suit opening: as 1713a, but after a two-spade opening three hearts = clubs and three spades = Stayman (to keep overcaller declarer when there is a four-four heart fit). (32,35)
   1713c. after a major-suit opening: something else. (16,11)
   1714a. after a minor-suit opening: three clubs = Stayman, three diamonds and three hearts are transfers, three spades shows the other minor. (77,83)
   1714b. after a minor-suit opening: other than 1714a. (23,17)

   In each of these sequences, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1715a) if the delayed auction-entry should be natural, or for that number and b (e.g., 1715b) if it should be for takeout logically consistent with the auction.
   1715. (one club) — pass — (one notrump) — pass — (pass) — two clubs
   1716. (one diamond) — pass — (one notrump) — pass — (pass) — two diamonds
   1717. (one club) — pass — (one diamond) — pass — (one notrump) — two clubs

Item	a	b
1715	(48,44)	(52,56)
1716	(53,57)	(47,43)
1717	(79,87)	(21,13)

   In each of these sequences, vote for that number and a (e.g., 1718a) if the delayed double should be for takeout consistent with the auction, or for that number and b (e.g., 1718b) if it should be for penalty.
   1718. (one club) — pass — (one notrump) — pass — (pass) — double
   1719. (one club) — pass — (one diamond) — pass — (one notrump) — double
   1719Z. (one club) — pass — (one diamond) — pass — (two clubs) — double

Item	a	b
1718	(40,43)	(60,57)
1719	(48,45)	(52,55)
1719z	(43,40)	(57,60)

   After a sequence such as (one club) — one diamond — (one spade) — ?, BWS uses a double to show length in the unbid suit (hearts in the example) plus a tolerance for overcaller' suit. In such circumstances, a cue-bid in opener' suit (two clubs in the example) should be . . .
   1720a. natural. (21,17)
   1720b. similar to the same bid had responder passed. (72,80)
   1720c. something other than 1720a or 1720b. (7,3)

   In the same circumstances, a cue-bid in responder' suit (two spades in the example) should be . . .
   1721a. natural. (21,15)
   1721b. a strong raise of overcaller' suit. (50,71)
   1721c. a general force. (20,12)
   1721d. something not described above. (9,2)

   In advancing the double of a weak two-bid (where lebensohl applies):
(1) a direct three-notrump advance differs from a delayed three-notrump advance (where advancer bids two notrump first) in that the direct bid is . . .
   1722a. stronger. (8,10)
   1722b. weaker. (13,12)
   1722c. more insistent on notrump as a strain. (64,55)
   1722d. less insistent on notrump as a strain. (4,7)
   1722e. different in some way other than 1722a-d. (11,16)
(2) a direct cue-bid advance differs from a delayed cue-bid advance in that the direct bid is . . .
   1723a. stronger. (21,31)
   1723b. weaker. (4,2)
   1723c. a suggestion that doubler bid three notrump, even with no stopper in the opener' suit, when he cannot show appropriate major-suit length. (24,19)
   1723d. different in some way other than 1723a-c. [stopper-ask vs. partial-stopper ask] (51,48)
(3) a direct jump to three spades after a double of two hearts is differs from a delayed three-spade bid in that the direct bid . . .
   1724a. is invitational rather than forcing. (55,51)
   1724b. is forcing rather than invitational. (11,26)
   1724c. is different in a non-strength-related way, (34,23)
   1725a. shows (at least) five spades rather than four. (65,78)
   1725b. shows only four spades rather than (at least) five. (1,2)
   1725c. is different in a non-spade-length-related way. (34,20)

Adjustments to Bridge World Standard Defense

   101. Lead ace from ace-king against suit contracts. (55)

   102A. Give suit-preference signals in trumps. (15)
   102B. Give suit-preference signals in trumps when there is a clear issue for the defenders. (54)

   103. Use J, 10 or 9 shows zero or two higher after trick one. (42)

   104. When leading a spot card after trick one, use third from even or lowest from odd only when encouraging continuation; otherwise lead high. (46)

   105. A discouraging signal suggests the ability to support the obvious shift. (53)

   106. Use suit-preference when a high honor is led and dummy has a singleton. (59)

   107. Smith echo (attitude signal in the suit declarer first leads relates to the suit of the opening lead) against notrump. (48)

   108A. Count by third hand at trick one when not beating dummy' card or finessing. (28)
   108B. Count by third hand at trick one when not beating dummy card or finessing and dummy' highest card in the suit is jack or lower or the equivalent. (37)

Bridge World Standard is the standard system developed by The Bridge World magazine based on the preferred methods of leading American experts. The system is ideal for use by impromptu or casual partnerships and as a basis for discussion by those who wish to formulate their own system. It is also used as a framework for problems in the magazine's monthly Master Solvers' Club contest.